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| 4 j EE N2 ¢ Basics oF EvectricaL ENGINEERING T DC crrReoms a RSOTTS JE: | Definitions : gine nrduct oO Basic Cives Circuit » owls tT ° ° {| A C os aa i: + i | an | 5 | fo Ource B t D Locof Encomine Conductor | 4A basic eleclne Civcact consists of a Source, Q poy of [Commecking wires . Qnnd a oad. In Pgure, a baler ts shoal (OS the Source and a vesisbomnce Riis shun as the Coad The Source forces a Cuvrent Ft flow Hough the owe. T | | crmplete the path for the Current Floce, aun cekyowrs cn , imeowming condkclors cve neeclecl, é A Cures} = Elechyic cénevent is the veuke of flew of charge “the oxiglh a lel path. The . posibve dlivechion of current 1S the divechon tn colich Positive cheseye flows : 3 tus dlivechon | | | | | i { | | x 1S opposite to that Im cohich electrons Fleey. b Instorsten cous mia ‘Ss ePred as | tT 7 _ dq _—_ ree | de or T= ag oO b -T Zo Onit of current 's Orepere | A Syrobol used for Current , tT Ife gaitc) Ts 'S then ro ~ One ounpene is the Chawge flocy . rake of (C/sec’ Scanned by CamScanner ® Elechrowohye Force [emer]: emer proclices x force ov pressure that causes the free eleolramns nm a bh to Move, I'm Oa parbcwlay chivechom , Ov la ferrces Court v4 ven flow in a ctrewk. It is a vol : Se ee rage and t's meosureol 7) Resishonce ": (Lr J Electmad resistance 1s tbe Opposibio | tb the flow of eleckrons im a given motenal. |p - Lean - ohms Cn): FR ts dlveclty proportioned to ong f she maternal , ame Inverseley Proporbomal te the saven of the cress sechon of the maedemial. Hy ailuich = Curvenst Flows. [Ets expressed as Proporborallt consturst fol = RI Resistance of yp on B Ohrv's faw 11 Grreapluical Form : - + a a2 24 T Sbope = =p v i | Vv bce AL he Come Scanned by CamScanner = —_ _ —— a Mae OP AS eB RI Ses Kvi . States thak at an Imstant Ht : olgebrouc Sum vol : ; anes ais of teuges Im a Closed Loops (S Bere. Pe applying KvL In a Loop OY O&O mes, Proper Su c f an must be aEsignenl to +he wl Arop | b and the source of vol aarti One o D Vol a Nn L @ SG may be assigned to He fell oy obrop | eqovessed| medtiens och colf os LBS] : > 2S Ih | Kew ak funchor, Te i = IT %4T, = | se Niguecig i OB | ‘ P Srey, iced. | Cireeait Consists, of 2 Loop a0 Comenhay | Appl ky ‘ 3S | d Loin mest, ABEFA - Vela | >) Provne Ch’yech, E, —I,R, ~CT+nyr, =o . t E, = TR, +2, Ra+ I, Re Appl KVL n mm. i es, Bc DER 3 9) | & = Tp Ry -Ch+h) Ra =0 | E,= 8+ TR+5R, iT + ‘ . ____@) | ce) 2. 2 a Y ‘ q Fesishonces in Sevres « ees in Seves ; Qve cComnecled mel then he when oe nym he, of vesistamces to emd acres GQ source of Supply > Some Cumemb circulate s thie Hy KV ek aly, —~ e _ = R, Ro R PC Seves Cercea The Volbeucye d 'YOPS OACross : P. the vesblomnces ave Vie Ma Y, Ve TR, YoetTR, xy, t ‘4. V2 = T Ra Vi, = oe Ry The etal . . ‘ a Voltage v, appbred i's equal to the Sum of the taco drops Qcress the vesistemces, fe { V=eVtYr Vat Vy i | also V = IR : | = = : | F rT : : e = Y%tBwry . , Fey (terry s TRA+TR + Tks + LR, z ow Req = Rit Rot Ro+ Ry : & Thus w ‘ mnNe) Y) Semi qh zi hen vesistamces, ave Co ch dd i y eC. 1 es the | total equivalent Yesistamnge Oppecwing Cteross the k | Can be taken as equal to the sum of the whee | i ' | vestshances . i | Al Resistences in Parallel + when a ictal of resistors — | ove crnnected In Such a way that both the ends imebivictucd yeatstors are connectedt teqether omnd twe terms ale | kal | ove brows out fer connechon ts other ports Of O Civeait, Ue tbe ae iol metal Bue. Scanned by CamScanner : . a Vo lage. Axop>s across tnnobivielecel resisters ig Vv = IR, & mak Ri = By = Ry+Ry Vp = IR, = VO Rs = Vv R eS = Rit Ro Req = "MeV RR 5 YK OR RitRo Reg, we ! =Y RR 35 Vek _R Ri tR Ro, ! : Re | “Thus tHe velage Oltvicler vile Stales —+thrat the voltage dvop .acYoss On resistor In a Series Crenit ts Rrnppenieenaey) to the Yabo. of its vesislence fo the total ves\stonce of the Sseves clrcau bL. | DD Carmen} Divicley Rule 2 Curvert clividler rule ts use in parallel eiveults fo find the brand) currents if the tobe current ts Known. To illustrate | ttus vue is applied | +p two povedlel bvomches as shown in fy t ole at i Ki Bp - RR RR, Req | Tt Req = ree RotRi | ! R Rit Ro. ee 2 . a Vis DReg Reg = RiRe te Rit Rs. Ta ¥ R= 7 Rie _ Pe v RitRe Ri RAR, Tae =O SRE + - Ri 2 RitRe Ro i, 7 = i ue Rit Ro e aye 4 RitRs Is = - _R RitRo | { { | one byanch ts ef! t vol vcou'l- two vests current f Thus, 199 & poole cre amt at te leed iy teed a eee Scanned by CamScanner Yot'o of resistance of the Other beenech divieled by the total .vesistance a8 shew, @ Bource Troms forrmaccbirn : oe omel Corment Seurces - | Souvce te a Clevice cbiich converts mechaucced, Lena Chern ico or Some othe, Provo of of erencpe tote Jeleckwical on ods wer are 2 types of Sources + vol “ee |Sourees ond -cu L Sources. | Volteage Source : | Excermples of vo hege Sources ave bakttemes , dynoemes , , =Vs — Toleal source Pracbical Sou ree Leal chenahonfi, In an telead Voltacpe eens the termine voltacye t's [ Mneleperscent of the Loaol vestvlenscs VR comnectenl, i | cubabeven is the voltae oF the Source. the Same voltae e | is aveulable acwss tre Locicl beneratyalck of Re te Vay | | Ln. ie prachial voltae source, tere will bo o re | voltage avollable across the ” docu due to voltage ” shop | cc the vesisternxe of the semce itself when a Leool ts | _ Conmecked « | Comenk Source + | when the Yad vesistance Is commectecf between the loudtpouk terreinals, OL constant carver T, Qi wil filscy through Ha load Symbol ; Te aaa Scanned by CamScanner Ey Lf’ €2 By cpl ing bvL 5 = N Ky BY Er- VM - vy + e& =o PN )) WK | E+ = WtVe | EB, ¢E, = I+ R, | | Su | wy of orf = 5. = Sum of Voltage. Aneps [Definihons : 2 O Node Cond | lode wun - . ; Ni. chien’) - 'E 18 a peimt ol- which ome terminal | Pn ove “hem tuo .ebvaul elermensts ave cormected @ “Brome : The path through the eloments ee | is S called a brome or Ik ts the ae two Jjonchons. re °F neketork ®) Loop = Loop + IE ise close pots of ow eleckn'c Curmrensh -trovelled tn a prescnbed ivechon Stowtinney from a ede aml | [eos up at +e Some rede. ew no ode hs oo RIOT ROARS ene ARIAT IL, TT ier counteved ~vviove Pion aan ® Mesh: IE tis a Roop That combeums Vo ote Roop, citi ik Nedes ¢ A, B,¢,D Loops 2 DACDA 6) ABcpy | . 2) ABCA 1) ACRBDA Brands 5 nee Bc, cD, AD 3 ARDA RB , Ac A) Beeps 5) AcoBA Scanned by CamScanner R S Mesh » ) aRcA A c 2) ABDA | Rs 2 BCDB. cE Ee: a I =| | ° Dekerrninedion ° vo Hecege Sim Cohile op pliyiracy KVL, cove shade be teckern jn assieea! pooper Signa ov polowities for voltages in different Sechoms oP the circa. ') Sign of Battery EMF : The “ ‘eC. fa pe b i ‘i legs oo achive elements ave wmmimcks. A vise tay voltage shoul be ’ ven a tv v \ 0 ; e Sty one! : fell ty Voltcucye Qa “Ve Sign. elo ad Pepe tp | ; > 1 Rige tn volteecye a Full ica) voller Veate ==E k % Bin of ER obey ie chop * The Pe lines of the voltage olrops — acwss the passive elements CR,1,0) sloul be ctsstgmed wing te the rent econ Occorcling co divect, Hrreuigh +ro Clemente axty athe Concept thal the current Pret from bap q potenbal to Locver potenshal If There is a vse in me Scanned by CamScanner | | | | i | meshed of seein jon eleckneou F Mesh © : E,-1T,Ri- Chitin) Ra =o &,- DR+DRa+ To Re or Bet (Ri + Ra) TF, + Tyg = E, —_@ Mesh = 6, _1,R, ~Ci+In) Ra = 0 Fo = Tek, +2, a+ 0 Rg Ov aT, Re +RetRa) Ib seh _ Solubrons hoe mederice met roel ° AWyite 2 E> RetRa, A, = Rit Ra = ER ’ = its) E — Er Re Ra EQ Ira Au A i, = As 4 Neda Arvesly sls # Tm electnic ety cut analysis, model cureleysis Is a | -the Vo rege bekeween noeles th | caved tn terms of the brancl, Curvents . | Neoled cured at's is based on , lke: Scanned by CamScanner enemas eit Met Prod = . Teter bfy ~s nium ber of vedes Im -the clvcull. 2. Cheese one reference niede . ok ecole. vocle 3. Write the KEL equabons ame rae the nodal “ equabons. 4. Find) ou Ate solabors of equations —Uy..- g. for a ctlveurtk of N nocles the nurrbey of noelal equahion yg ts Nel. Vv - vA g e2 3 4 a. i @ Vp ‘o) ® | “ en TT Scanned by CamScanner Ria + Roa R Bekueen terminals ® a0) 7 R+Ra3 = Rai Ic Ria + Res ) R+Re = oR _ a) C Rio + R 2a) a) Riet Roa op Rey FC Ri+- Rot Ra.) = AC Rio Rog t Roo Ra, + Rio R3, ) OO @ ® Rio + Rost R3, —& | q, ~ Raa Fa - i Ri2tR ot Rei _ —@-® | Re. _ Rio Roo 7 | Riot Roa F Re _ | 6-0 | | Re = Rog Ray an | ___—_ MI | Riot Rast, —_ fs cabs mo && Ttemome A PE MW can be useel to tran | elements of the grven elk ae Pie | equivedent- elements of Cu Shey connecter aoe [She woah fs opal me py oh | veststomces of clel be Fouclu'ng Pont 4#@ ie R2and Rs, Scanned by CamScanner Rik, _ O/it Ri Ro Ro Rat Rak) Ra ie : 6yr Ryo Roe G/t Ra, 7,3 the sum oF ed| +Hhe olel bo, Stay to vA) Tromnsfornncchiens . menos = Ree Riket Ret RR, x q — Promina Yes istomces + 2 2 lee RsR, = Re Raz Ra, 4 Rio RoaRaitR,, Rak, (Riot Raat Ra, 22 a) C Riot Rast Rey) CRiet Rest Ray)? Ri2 Rea Ray Riot Rt Rs, ———&) = Ria a ae RiRot RRot Ras, ] —YV = go [Reet BRtRRI—V | ) = CRRA +ReRa + Rak] 2 Scanned by CamScanner then potenbal 1s tv le Vo= _ oY Wworlkelone w= Ve OQ =VIt vot = Vi cools . '0 Tet ~ com | Flecbricl rea oy P= w _ | t t | Thus in a crreuit IF oD ts the current Ff locutrey amd v / 1S the applied Voltace acress the -tevmincs , Pocuar Is | Sapressed as 2 P=vrinv%¥i2¥ = - Bet Also P=.v? = Irt — 1f7e le Pa vis V_ pp RQ. | Emerge, : Erenre, rs defect as Me Corpoucitey for cling work. The total work done in an elechnical cwcuit ts called clechical | energy . when oa voltage Vis cupped _ othe Charge Q will flow so +Hhe- Elechviced enenga. ,=e= VvVx®@ => Vit E = Ruer xt E = evre =v E~ rRe R Owh of © —> kak. Scanned by CamScanner