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Before the coming of Europeans, the peoples who lived in what is now the United States had not developed - ✔✔A common language The first European country to launch long ocean voyages of exploration was - ✔✔Portugal When Christopher Columbus made his famous voyages to the New World, he - ✔✔Believed that he had reached the Far East The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs was, in part, due to - ✔✔The diseases the Spaniards had given the Indians Before the arrival of the Europeans, the political system of southern and western Africa was composed of - ✔✔A number of small- and medium-sized regional kingdoms According to the principles of mercantilism, - ✔✔A successful nation should export its own goods in exchange for gold and silver The religious dissatisfactions that ultimately propelled English "Separatists" into the New World can be traded to the 1517 protests of the German priest - ✔✔Martin Luther Henry VIII started the English Reformation because he - ✔✔Required a divorce in order to marry The majority of English Puritans were religious dissenters who - ✔✔Wished to purify Anglican forms of worship
The most important single event influencing England's decision to begin New World colonization was the
- ✔✔Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established at - ✔✔Jamestown Civilizations in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus - ✔✔Included elaborate and sophisticated cultures that rivaled those of Europe The Treaty of Tordesillas contained a provision to - ✔✔Divide the Americas between Spain and Portugal to colonize The Coureurs des Bois relationship with Indians differed from the English because - ✔✔They formed successful partnerships with Indians by becoming a part of native society and intermarrying An assumption that the English learned in Ireland and brought to their American settlements was - ✔✔English colonial settlements must remain separated from native populations Virginia began to prosper when the governor changed from - ✔✔A communal system of labor to private ownership The survival and expansion of Virginia were due, in part, to - ✔✔The discovery that tobacco would grow well there During the 1600s, the rapid growth of Virginia's population led to the - ✔✔Violation of Indian treaties and frequent border conflicts Bacon's Rebellion began as - ✔✔A fight between Indians and frontiersman over western lands The Massachusetts Bay colony was founded as - ✔✔A business venture
During the late 1600s, the system of indentured servitude became less popular because - ✔✔The English birth rate declined In the late 1600s, the element of society in the English colonies that caused the greatest social unrest was - ✔✔Indentured servants Medical care in early colonial America - ✔✔Revealed that there was little use of the scientific method In the 1600s, the high sex ratio of men to women in the Chesapeake meant that - ✔✔Females had much latitude in the choice of husbands In the 1600s, Puritan New England family structure - ✔✔Was more stable than that of southern colonies By the early eighteenth century, Africans in North America - ✔✔Began more commonly to be seen as inferior by whites The Making of New World Slavery, by Robin Blackburn stressed a theme of - ✔✔Economic advantages of slavery In American Slavery, American Freedom, Edmund S. Morgan suggested that the - ✔✔American colonies were new in creating a permanent condition of servitude In South Carolina during the early 1740s, a new staple crop was - ✔✔Indigo The rise of commerce in the English colonies was aided by - ✔✔A group of adventurous entrepreneurs In general, plantations in the American South can be described as - ✔✔Self-contained communities The southern agrarian economy was dominated by - ✔✔Wealthy landowners
The Great Awakening of the 1700s - ✔✔Came in response to a decline in religious piety The American political system developed differently than the British political system because - ✔✔Britain did little to exert its authority before 1760s The Navigation Acts - ✔✔Helped the colonial economy by supporting shipbuilding and protecting trade from foreign competition Enlightenment thought influenced the colonies by - ✔✔The colonial assemblies assuming the powers of Parliament within the colonies Puritan theologian Jonathan Edwards strayed from Puritan orthodoxy in his belief that - ✔✔God's power was absolute, but one could work toward salvation although it was difficult to gain Religious toleration developed in America because - ✔✔So many immigrants with different religious backgrounds settled in America, it was impossible to impose a single religion After the first few decades of settlement in British North America, - ✔✔Conflicts with Indians continued as settlers pushed westward and settled on lands claimed by Indians In the 1750s, the relationship between the British Empire and the American colonies was characterized by - ✔✔Most Americans believing that the benefits of the empire far outweigh the costs In the mid 1770s, the relationship between the British Empire and the American colonies was characterized by - ✔✔Most Americans becoming disillusioned with the empire In the immediate years after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the British government - ✔✔Eased its control over the American colonies During the late 1600s and early 1700s, French settlement in North America was characterized by the - ✔✔Toleration of the Indians' way of life
The change in William Pitt's strategy that finally led to victory in the French and Indian War was - ✔✔Devoting more financial resources and soldiers to the war in America As a result of the French and Indian War - ✔✔The colonists resented British interference in local affairs, and American militia noted the marked differences between themselves and their English brethren The declaration from the Stamp Act Congress "That the people of these colonies are not, and from their local circumstances cannot be, represented in the House of Commons..." was based on a repudiation of - ✔✔The idea of virtual representation in the British Empire as a whole The political philosophy of Whig ideology - ✔✔Viewed concentration of power as the biggest threat to liberty, leading to corruption and tyranny The Quebec Act both infuriated and threatened American colonists by - ✔✔Granting Quebec Province a self-governing structure and the freedom to practice Catholicism British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord in 1775 to - ✔✔Arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams and to seize patriot ammunition stored there The pamphlet "Common Sense" was instrumental in gaining support for - ✔✔The idea of independence from Great Britain During the American Revolution, the real center of authority was - ✔✔The state governments In 1781, the states ratified a plan for a decentralized national government of the United States that was called the - ✔✔Articles of Confederation The American national government obtained many of the war supplies that it needed to fight the American Revolution by - ✔✔Receiving foreign aid and loans from countries like France The 1777 victory that marked the major turning point of the Revolutionary War occurred at the Battle of
An important outcome of the Battle of Saratoga was - ✔✔An alliance between America and France During the final phase of the American Revolution, between early 1778 and late 1783, the fighting resulted in the British forces - ✔✔Moving their major efforts into the South, where their forces were finally worn down and suffered a major defeat During the final phase of the American Revolution, General Cornwallis was surrounded and forced to surrender his entire force at - ✔✔Yorktown, Virginia The Treaty of Paris included a provision that - ✔✔Awarded the Americans with a generous cession of land By the end of the American Revolution, most Native American tribes had - ✔✔Managed to escape to the safety of southeast Canada In the 1770s and 1780s, the powers of government were - ✔✔Concentrated in the state governments During the early 1780s, the authority of the national government was vested in - ✔✔A legislative branch General Anthony Wayne's 1794 victory over the Miami Indians led to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which recognized - ✔✔The sovereignty of Indians nations over tribal lands Shays' Rebellion strengthened the movement to - ✔✔Produce a new national constitution After the battles at Lexington and Concord, the Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to the king to - ✔✔Seek a reconciliation with the Crown by stating colonial grievances The sentiment expressed in this phrase from the Declaration of Independence, "That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends [securing life, liberty, and property] it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it," best expresses the political philosophy of - ✔✔John Locke
The invention of the cotton gin led to the - ✔✔Spread of cotton growing into the upland South Jefferson sought to make his victory in the election of 1800 a "revolution" by - ✔✔Reducing drastically the size and power of the national ovenrment Thomas Jefferson attempted to decrease the public debt by - ✔✔Reducing government spending In the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court ruled that - ✔✔An act of Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority President Jefferson initially tried to purchase the city of New Orleans because - ✔✔The port of New Orleans had been closed to western farmers Most of the Louisiana Territory was - ✔✔West of New Orleans President Jefferson was reluctant to accept the treaty for purchasing the Louisiana Territory because - ✔✔He doubted that he had constitutional authority for such a purchase Aaron Burr's trail for treason ended in - ✔✔His acquittal, because the judge imposed strict standards of evidence that the government could not meet The War of 1812 occurred as a result of - ✔✔The European conflict on the seas and American westward expansion The Continental system was designed to - ✔✔Close the European continent to British trade The British increased their use of impressment because they - ✔✔Claimed America employed British deserters in the US Navy
Between 1785 and 1815, the Indians of the Northwest and Canada allied themselves with the British because - ✔✔The British historically limited western expansion into Indian lands During Jefferson's administration, Native Americans - ✔✔Were offered a choice of assimilation or moving west of the Mississippi Because of opposition to the War of 1812, a movement towards secession was made by - ✔✔New England Federalists The Rush-Bagot agreement between the United States and Britain did what? - ✔✔Provided for American-British disarmament on the Great Lakes The popular early American leisure activity of horse racing - ✔✔Was mostly reserved for fairly affluent gentlemen When the charter of the Bank of the United States expired in 1811, state banks - ✔✔Issued bank notes that circulated as money In 1807, the federal government appropriated money for the construction of - ✔✔A national road By 1820, the United States had seen significant progress in transportation in the form of significantly improved - ✔✔River steamboats John Jacob Astro created a fortune in his ownership of the - ✔✔American Fur Company The period from 1817 to 1821 became known as the "Era of Good Feelings" because there - ✔✔Was only one major political party In negotiating the Florida question, John Quincy Adams was able to obtain the cession of Florida when - ✔✔Jackson seized the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola
One of the major differences between the Virginia and New Jersey plans for the new United States Constitution was - ✔✔Whether states would have equal representation in Congress For the Constitutional Convention to reach agreement on the power of the federal government to regulate commerce, the members agreed taht - ✔✔The government would not be permitted to stop the slave trade for twenty years The men who wrote the Constitution resolved the question of sovereignty by deciding that in the United States political power rested ultimately with the - ✔✔People The element of the Constitution most representative of the anti-federalist perspective is the - ✔✔Bill of Rights The authors of The Federalist Papers wrote them for the purpose of - ✔✔Explaining the meaning and positive qualities of the Constitution The Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution was significant to the distribution of power because it - ✔✔Reserved to the states and the people all powers not specifically delegated to the federal government To win support for the federal assumption of state debts, Hamilton's supporters negotiated a bargain that - ✔✔Called for the construction of a new national capital on the banks of the Potomac River Andrew Jackson could be described as - ✔✔Frontier aristocrat The inauguration of Andrew Jackson in 1829 was significant because it - ✔✔Signified the empowerment of a heretofore disenfranchised class of Americans After the Dorr Rebellion in the early 1840s, the state government of Rhode Island - ✔✔Drafted a new, more democratic competition The most significant proponent of the "Nullification Doctrine" was - ✔✔John C Calhoun
The theory of nullification was based on the writings of - ✔✔James Madison and Thomas Jefferson The theory of nullification is based on the principle that - ✔✔Individual states may declare federal laws unconstitutional The Webster-Hayne debates began over one issue but quickly switched to another. They switched from - ✔✔The sale of public lands to states' rights In the early 1800s, most people thought that Indians were - ✔✔"Savages" who were not civilized When Jackson heard Marshall's decision in the case between Georgia and the Cherokees (Worchester v. Georgia), he - ✔✔Refused to enforce the decision Andrew Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill because the road would have - ✔✔Been mainly a single state project To reduce the influence of the Bank of the United States, Roger Taney followed the policy of - ✔✔Gradually moving federal funds into state banks The president of the Bank of the United States responded to Andrew Jackson's attempts to kill the bank by - ✔✔Calling in loans and raising interest rates The "bank war" of the 1830s was to a large extent - ✔✔A personal struggle for power between Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle One problem the Whig party faced in the 1830s was - ✔✔Its failure to unify behind one of the party's able candidates The most important legislation passed during the Van Buren administration was the - ✔✔Subtreasury system bill
The use of the corporation increased significantly when - ✔✔Limited liability was instituted and other legal obstacles were reduced The situation of women and immigrants in the factory system was similar in that they both - ✔✔Were powerless to affect pay rates or working conditions Between 1800 and 1860, the nature of the family changed because of the decline in the - ✔✔Rate of births Among the most popular formats of entertainment in antebellum America, as epitomized by P.T. Barnum, were - ✔✔Lectures The rise of cities also stimulated - ✔✔The rise of profitable dairy farming The automatic reaper revolutionized farming by making - ✔✔The labor of grain production much quicker In farming communities, people were especially drawn together by - ✔✔A need to unify against Indian raids Popular theater activities for antebellum Americans included Shakespearean - ✔✔Parodies like "Hamlet and Egglet" By decreasing the use of the Mississippi River, new transportation developments - ✔✔Weakened economic ties between the Northern and Southern states One of the consequences for the family of the commercialization of agriculture was - ✔✔Large farms relied less on family, and more on hired help One of the main consequences of the "cult of domesticity" for women was - ✔✔Increased detachment of women from the world outside the home
In Commonwealth v. Hunt the Massachusetts Supreme Court decided - ✔✔Both strikes and labor unions were legal The development of the North and South differed in that the South - ✔✔Had fewer cities The growth of cotton as the major crop for the South was enhanced by - ✔✔Success of a new variety of cotton The Southern planter class - ✔✔Dominated the political, economic, and social life of the region What practice continued in the South long after it had largely vanished in the North? - ✔✔Dueling The "Southern lady" of the mid-1800s was taught to - ✔✔Obey her husband in all matters The group in white Southern society that most objected to the institution of slavery was the - ✔✔Hill people The slave system was characterized by - ✔✔Considerable variety in the conditions under which slaves lived For dangerous tasks, many plantation owners used - ✔✔Immigrant labor One effect of Nat Turner's rebellion was - ✔✔The decline in the number of slaves freed in the South The domestic slave trade in the period 1820- 60 - ✔✔Often included the separation of families An instrument that had its origins in Africa is the - ✔✔Banjo
The transcendentalists called for - ✔✔The use of emotion and intuition to go beyond the confines of understanding Henry David Thoreau argued that it was necessary for individuals to - ✔✔Practice civil disobedience when laws were unjust Brook Farm was noted for its - ✔✔Attempt at utopian living On the subject of relations between the sexes, the Shakers advocated - ✔✔Celibacy and equality of the sexes The early Mormons responded to the hostility that they encountered by - ✔✔Migrating to the West During the 1800s, members of the temperance movement agreed almost unanimously that - ✔✔Abstinence should promote the moral self-improvement of individuals A big problem facing American medical care in the first half of the nineteenth century was - ✔✔Lack of scientific method and experimentation The works of Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweiss began to convince some physicians that - ✔✔Diseases could be transmitted from one person to another Horace Mann was the chief leader in the movement for - ✔✔Public education Before the Civil War, the United States education system had - ✔✔Helped to achieve one of the highest literacy rates in the world The asylum movement of the 1800s incorporated the principle of - ✔✔Firm, yet humane, treatment to rehabilitate the criminal and insane
The reformers of the 1840s and 1850s believed that the best answer for the future of Native Americans was - ✔✔Reservations Antebellum feminists were generally - ✔✔Active in other reform movements as well The Seneca Falls convention of 1848 promoted - ✔✔Women's rights In the early antislavery movement of the 1810s and 20s, the most common plan called for - ✔✔Colonization of freed slaves in Africa On the issue of slavery, William Lloyd Garrison urged - ✔✔Immediate unconditional abolition of slavery, without compensation to slaveowners In the antebellum North, the abolitionist movement - ✔✔Attracted some support, but also frequent mob violence The chief objective of the "free soil" movement was to - ✔✔Keep slavery and blacks out of the federal territories The novel Uncle Tom's Cabin - ✔✔Inflamed passions over sectional differences regarding slavery New England's transcendentalists embraced nature because - ✔✔There the individual could leave society's artificiality and find truth Temperance was one of the most influential reform movements of the antebellum period because - ✔✔Social reformers believed it was responsible for almost all social ills The main thrust of the "declaration of Sentiments" adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was - ✔✔Political rights including the vote, should be extended to all female citizens
