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A&P- Exam 1 (Ch 1,5,6)
regional anatomy - ✔✔examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit surface anatomy - ✔✔focus on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them comparative anatomy - ✔✔examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species pathological anatomy - ✔✔examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease radiographic anatomy - ✔✔investigates the relationships among internal structures visualized by specific scanning procedures What distinctive properties are common to all organism? - ✔✔-organization
- metabolism
- growth & development
- responsiveness
- reproduction organization - ✔✔all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order metabolism - ✔✔-all organisms engage in
- sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body
- consists of both anabolism and catabolism anabolism - ✔✔small molecules are joined to form larger molecules catabolism - ✔✔large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules Growth and Development - ✔✔-increase in size
- increase in specialization as related to form and function responsiveness - ✔✔the ability to detect and respond to [stimuli] changes in the external or internal environment reproduction - ✔✔all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair how many organ systems are located in the body - ✔✔ 11 integumentary system - ✔✔provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
- hair
- skin & glands
- nails skeletal system - ✔✔-support and protection
respiratory system - ✔✔responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs urinary system - ✔✔-filters blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules
- concentrates waste products in the form of urine
- expels urine from the body digestive system - ✔✔-mechanically and chemically digests food
- absorbs nutrients
- expels waste products male reproductive system - ✔✔-produce male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone)
- transfers sperm to the female female reproductive system - ✔✔-produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone)
- receives sperm from male;
- site of fertilization of an oocyte
- site of growth and development of an embryo and fetus.
- produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn anatomic position - ✔✔The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
supine - ✔✔lying on the back, face up anterior - ✔✔in front of
- towards the front surface posterior - ✔✔-in back of
- toward the back surface dorsal - ✔✔toward the back side of the body ventral - ✔✔Toward the belly superior - ✔✔closer to the head inferior - ✔✔closer to the feet cranial (cephalic) - ✔✔toward the head end caudal - ✔✔toward the rear or tail end rostral - ✔✔toward the nose or mouth medial - ✔✔toward the midline
Antecubital - ✔✔region anterior to the elbow auricular - ✔✔visible surface of the ear axillary - ✔✔armpit brachial - ✔✔arm
- upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow buccal - ✔✔cheek Calcaneal - ✔✔heel of foot carpal - ✔✔wrist cephalic - ✔✔head cervical - ✔✔neck coxal - ✔✔hip cranial - ✔✔skull crural - ✔✔leg
- lower limb between knew and ankle deltoid - ✔✔shoulder digital - ✔✔finger or toes Dorsal/Dorsum - ✔✔back facial - ✔✔face femoral - ✔✔thigh fibular - ✔✔lateral aspect of the leg frontal - ✔✔forehead gluteal - ✔✔buttock hallux - ✔✔great toe inguinal - ✔✔groin Lumbar - ✔✔lower back
perineal - ✔✔Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs pes - ✔✔foot plantar - ✔✔sole of the foot pollex - ✔✔thumbs popliteal - ✔✔area posterior to the knee pubic - ✔✔anterior region of the pelvis radial - ✔✔lateral aspect of forearm sacral - ✔✔posterior region between the hip bones scapular - ✔✔shoulder blade sternal - ✔✔anterior middle region of the thorax sural - ✔✔calf
tarsal - ✔✔proximal part of the foot and ankle thoracic - ✔✔Part of torso superior to thoracic diaphragm; contains the pectoral, axillary, and sternal regions tibial - ✔✔medial aspect of leg ulnar - ✔✔medial aspect of the forearm umbilical - ✔✔navel vertebral - ✔✔spinal column cranial cavity - ✔✔formed by the bones of the cranium (endocardium)
- houses the brain vertebral canal - ✔✔formed by the bones of the vertebral column
- houses the spinal cord parietal layer - ✔✔lines the internal surface of the body wall visceral layer - ✔✔covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity serous fluid - ✔✔serves as lubricant to reduce friction of organs
peritoneum - ✔✔membrane that lines the abdominal cavity abdominopelvic regions - ✔✔9 regions
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
- right iliac region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac region abdominopelvic quadrants - ✔✔-right upper (RUQ)
- left upper (LUQ)
- right lower (RLQ)
- left lower (LLQ) homeostasis - ✔✔ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to internal and external conditions
- stimulus - ✔✔changes in a variable that is regulated
- receptor - ✔✔structure that detects the stimulus
- control center - ✔✔integrates inout and initial change through effector
- brain; endocrine gland 6.effector - ✔✔structure that brings about change to stimulus
- muscle or gland negative feedback - ✔✔resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus
- regulating body temp positive feedback - ✔✔stimulus is reinforced to continue the same direction until a climatic event occurs
- breast feeding tissue - ✔✔group of similar cells and extracellular material that performs a common function histology - ✔✔study of tissues epithelial tissue - ✔✔covers the body surface
- lines the body cavities and organ cavities and forms glands
- 1 or more layers of closely packed cells
stratified epithelium - ✔✔-2 or more layers of epithelial cells
- cells in the basal layer are in direct contact with the basement membrane
- cells in the basal layer continuously regenerate pseudostratified epithelium - ✔✔-appears layered because the cells' nuclei are distributed at different levels between the apical and basal surfaces
- all cells are attached to the basement membrane, some do not reach apical surface squamous cells - ✔✔flat, wide and somewhat irregular in shape
- arranged like floor tiles and nucleus is flattened Cuboidal cells - ✔✔tall and wide, cubed
- edges are somewhat rounded columnar cells - ✔✔slender and tall
- nucleus is oval transitional cells - ✔✔readily change shape from polyhedral to flattened depending upon degree of stretching simple squamous epithelium - ✔✔single layer of flattened cells
- cells are tightly bounded together
endothelium - ✔✔simple squamous epithelium that lines blood vessels and lymph vessels mesothelium - ✔✔simple squamous epithelium that forms serous membranes of body cavities microvilli - ✔✔projections that increase the cell's surface area goblet cells - ✔✔secrete mucin mucin - ✔✔glycoprotein that when hydrated forms mucus keratin - ✔✔tough protein that strengthens the tissue
- keratininized: composed of dead cells endocrine glands - ✔✔lack ducts and secretes hormones into the blood to be transported through the body
- hormones act as chemical messengers to influence cellular communication exocrine glands - ✔✔maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct unicellular exocrine glands - ✔✔mucous cells and goblet cells
resident cells - ✔✔stationary cells that are permanently housed within the connective tissue
- fibroblasts
- adipocytes
- mesenchymal
- fixed macrophages wandering cells - ✔✔move through connective tissue proper and are components of the immune system
- leukocytes(white blood cells)
- mast cells (close to blood vessels) protein fibers - ✔✔strengthen and support tissue
- collagen fibers
- reticular fibers
- elastic fibers collagen fibers - ✔✔unbranched, long fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching reticular fibers - ✔✔thinner than collagen fibers, form branching and interwoven framework that is tough and flexible elastic fibers - ✔✔branched and rejoin, appear wavy
- stretch and recoil easily. ground substance - ✔✔noncellular material produced by connective tissue cells
- connective tissue cells and protein fibers reside.
- viscous, semisolid, or solid
- & protein fibers house extracellular matrix loose connective tissue - ✔✔-fewer cells and protein fibers, sparse& irregularly arranged
- packing material (supporting/surrounding structures and organs) areolar connective tissue - ✔✔Function: wraps and cushions organs Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body adipose connective tissue - ✔✔acts as a storage depot for fat
- provides insulation; generates heat Anatomy - ✔✔The study of body structure Physiology - ✔✔the study of how the body and its parts work or function Scientific method - ✔✔systematic and rigorous process by which scientists:
- examine natural events through observation
- develop a hypothesis
