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Name: Titus Murithi Date: 22 /02/ 2022 Course: HUM 2331 Instructor: Dr. Mieczkowski Assignment: Midterm Exams
Section 1
Identification Significance (Lecture Notes)
- The colony of Roanoke, which was established in 1580s had been lost, the kingdom lost faith in expeditions funded by one organization and due to this fact Sir Walter Raleigh was executed for squandering money. In the new colonies, especially Jamestown there would be funds from organizations that would chip in the resources through shares. This one was a new approach to governing of the colonies following the fact that most wanted to make their rulers proud rather than survive as directed by the revolutionary leader (John Smith). The first intuition to maneuver around starvation in the period 1607-1608 was to manage a living through the set rules this elected president of the municipal stated. Jamestown had been facing a lot of difficulties since its start with 38 members who barely made it. With no work meant no food in order to try exile the name deathtrap bestowed upon it. He had a good relationship with the local authority which was driven by the native Americans. This way repairs and improvement in barricaded that would serve as the surrounding parameter were elected. His departure from the town made it vulnerable and attacked. Before that, he had to manage rebuilding of the fort as well as use his military expertise to guard the city
- A famous story trends in the history books in the time when witches would be tried and labelled guilty until proven innocent. The 1690s were such times when the young would use their influence in the society to accuse those that looked frail and of female ilk to be bewitching them. The family of Samuel Parris had been affected with his daughter and wife (Betty and Abigail) presumably bewitched by their servant Tituba. The servant admitted to the doing although there was no tangible evidence on how she did it. Theis became a trend and now the old looking ladies of the community had no luck whenever fingers the young girls conjured pointed them. Use of spectral evidence made one a chief suspect in the investigation concerning witchcraft that was so much disliked by the puritans since they explained all omens through it. The law was being sabotaged by the adolescent girls to eliminate the old weak generation
- At times after the French Indian war that brought about arguments leading to a revolution, one of the main reasons the chain of event unfolded like they did was taxation. To make matters worse, it was taxation without representation, and this made the colonist feel like they were paying for the war the British empire needed to fight to retain their colony. Due to great costs incurred by the mother nation, the empire wanted to gain more from the colony by use of taxation. The first introduction of the unprecedented taxations was the Sugar Act of 1764. At the moment the taxes had been raised to an amount equal to twenty-five times the normal cost. This really was a war the mother nation wanted to begin but due to the virtual representation the colonists believed they had; they still paid the taxes. At first the, the rules of the engagement stated that the colony would help settle the British National Debt, cover
Washington’s men to soldiers through repetitive techniques in training. The next turning point in the battle was collaboration between the colony and French government. In the battle of trickery where Washington had to leave a handful of soldiers in New York fooling the British army only to lay siege on them in unison with the French soldier marked it the end of all battles. The force joining hands made the advantage favor General George Washington and in return victory for the colony.
Section 2 (Essay on Berkin’s Revolutionary Mothers)
(iBook’s copy)
For a time not specified when the era begun, women had predefined roles in the society exemplified by acts of all members of the society. As of the year 1765, there had to be some changes that reflected revolution in the roles the feminine group was afforded in the community regarding the unprecedented behaviors of the mother nation to the colony after the French-Indian war. (Pg. 18) At the moment, the cry was “No taxation without representation” which the colony deemed intolerable and worth a revolution later as time elapsed in the need to talk with the parliament. Absence of women in the halls of Virginia House of Burgesses when Patrick Henry decided to bask the protest in openness did not make women fall back in the protest geared towards making lives better for the colonists in America. A paramount role had to be played by women considering that they were the consuming force of the mostly imported goods form The Great Britain. Not anymore would they be treated like the moment when the Stamp Act of the Congress was being mitigated and none of their ideas was put into consideration. Women decided to act the word NO to merchants who would trade good from the colony and NO to the goods that came from Britain (the mother nation). (Pg. 19). Some unmarried women would be herd claiming that
they would not marry men who had applied for stamped marriage policies. Owing to the decline in use of the imported goods form the mother nation, the gradual decline in the purchasing power proved success. Following the repeal of the Stamp Act. In March 1766. (Pg. 19). At a later date, lavish materials used in the colony and came from the mother nation were to be boycotted. Such things included couches and carriages. This time, the parliament asked this from the women after realizing how effective their purchasing power demise made the country strong politically. (Pg. 20). This is the only time history recorded men appreciating natural beauty in women for they appreciated their natural beauty even without tea or hats. Such moves as signing the agreement not to use tea in Fanueil Hall were dangerous ones for women but that is how much worth of liberty they demanded. (Pg. 20). Now that boycotting was working, some women such as Hannah Grifits used anonymity to expose men who limited their women from participating in it (Pennsylvania) and urge more women to join the boycott cart with the rest of the colony. (Pg. 21). To make matters worse for the mother nation, women would publicize and politicized their daily life indicating how much they did not need anything from the mother nation. This way, articles such as “clothes of your own making and spinning” became the talk of the town. The young generation of women was not left behind as well since they took the priority to manufacture goods as led by Anna Green Winston. (Pg. 22). The fact that all sorts of institutions incited women to use domestic chores as a revolutionary weapon, some of the women such as Charity Clarke wrote once that she was losing her softness as a woman and hence labelled the most radical revolutionary woman for declaring that the colony demanded liberty in 1769. (Pg. 22). Now the newly labelled nation (New Arcadia) was ready to start making its own products that were to use the spinning wheel to weave crafts to signify the whirling in defiance of the rule documented mother nation. Some of the women had claims that the joined the manufacturing world for the sake of less supply that would reach the old people for fear of the perception
there might be some chance to win the war encouraged the other women to let the men enlist to the call to arms proclaimed earlier when the state of emergency came existence. In 1776, one of the women (Anne Terrel of Virginia) had to plant the urge in a newspaper in order to reach many women that thought of withholding their sons and husbands for fear of losing then in the war. The belief that the men would claim bravery in the war made some women such as one from New Jersey send their sons with proclamation that they ought to exhibit bravery and not cowardice in the war. (Pg. 32). Accepting the ugliness of the fact that they may never see their men again was a burden, but the women had to accept the fate that had befallen the country at the moment. Men had the duty to till the land and manage shops so as to provide the women with the necessary things to run a household. The bitter truth is theta they would not be there anymore. At the moment, the women had to deal with all the home duties of looking for the children by improvising methods such as using thorns in place of pins. At times, the soap was replaced by homemade method of processing the sea salt and as well preserve foods with walnut ash in place salt that the British supplied in markets. Radical acts in places where some malicious merchants who hoarded goods in the city was the only way for the women to survive in the city that men are not there anymore to provide for them. (Pg. 33). Inflation meant that women would not purchase goods even if they existed and with the money that at the juncture would not value the worth of the goods in need. Some women gave up the struggle since they barely got enough to feed the family and hence beseeching their husbands to return home to aid them raise their kids. Duties predominately directed to men due to their masculism: wood splitting, mending the fence and repair tools now rested on the woman’s shoulders. (Pg. 34). To demystify how effective these duties became, some women felt pride in the change of the order of things due to performing duties their husbands assumed. Now women worked on the farm, they traded goods and slaves and due to the absence of the me, they had to direct a worker to their farm. It was never my husband’s farm
but my or our farm. Some of the women when the heat in the war travelled as far as their homes, would hide some tressures and the children to savage the little left by the looters. (Pg. 37). At times, the military force required food from the homes and hence the women had to supply it to them as commanded by the military officers. Wars always meant destruction without regards of honor whatsoever. Some women as young as thirteen years would be subjected to forced sexual activities by the soldiers and hence the women in the revolution war needed to protect their children from such shame. (Pg. 41). These selfless women had to care for the wounded soldiers after providing them shelter. Their effort even in production of clothes by spinning made it possible to produce a thousand coats and a thousand and six hundred vests by 1776. Whenever there needed aid from these women, they showed up in their spinning wheel to fight in battles such as that of Saratoga. The fact that there was effort shown by a group of these women of the time when the revolution war took place, the need to mention them by Esther DeBerdt Reed raised the morale of the other working women in conjunction with the joining of French in the war. (Pg. 42). These mentions occurred in a newspaper as well and the empowerment received by these women made them want to help more in the war. Hannah Winthrop described the appearance of the surrendered soldiers form the battle of Saratoga as emaciated, poor, and dirty while in the midst was the bunch of women who walked with them and. Had bushel baskets, their backs bent double due to the weight of the utensils from the war and children who had been born during the war period. (Pg. 46). Behind the strength was the suffering these women went through by walking barefoot and having to dress in rugs. These women had to first withstand the fact that at first, they were enlisted as living baggage for the use by the military in terms of cooking for them, washing the utensils, acting as nurses and sexual partners on top of scavenging for supplies and spying for them. (Pg. 47). In the era of war, women would not be I a position to defend themselves and hence
perform the duties at the set prices risking removal from the camp without consideration of the presence of their husbands in the camp. (Pg. 51). Some of the women had to earn accolades for acts such as losing the lower part of their clothing and continued to work. At Fort Monmouth, a middle state camp follower who was attending to her husband in the artillery escaped death by sheer luck. (Pg. 52). A cannon ball shot from the enemy robbed her lower cloth and in return she kept on working. What a heart! Not even recognition as a regiment paid such a woman. However severe the consequences of fighting in the battle were, some women still risked death by disguising their gender to join the fight in order to draw praise. Such women as anna Maria Lane would actually be enlisted besides all the segregation claims by the male soldiers around her. (Pg. 53). Women had to fathom being shared even between their husbands and the army generals in the camps. (Pg. 57). The long home front war created heroines of another nature apart from physical strength and the urge to clean for the soldiers in the camp. Camp followers were the readily used personnel for the task, but the normal dwellers had a better chance by acting like teachers, farmers or even shopkeepers. In the war, teenage girls and middle-aged matrons left their homes in search of duty out there to serve in the war by obtaining important information. (Pg. 109). As Carol Berkin describes it, the heroines in this context reveal humor in every aspect. The young girl had to masticate and deliver battle plan and enquiry letter documents to their favored team in fear of losing it all if the war favored the group, they had clearly shown enmity. The elder women had to amplify battle plans from the rooms through keyholes so as to deliver the information to the favored party. As all the other ages of women worked it this way. The old women stole the guns from soldiers after serving the liquor to a point they lost it. These women knew what the men expected of them and hence served them so as to obtain the information they were seeking. Cleaning as one of the duties was done by women as well as lose their innocence in the process. Use of charms was also employed as well as
submitting to the men who assumed their ownership and trusted them without notion that they were spies of the opposing party. Such risk was worth it for the characters involved for they obtained what they sear5ched for. (Pg. 110). The mothers would wear concerned faces after a battle to illustrate concern on the soldiers and would treat the young men as their sons or pretend to protect their family by being within their midst. Some had to prove that their husbands had a sworn allegiance to the group they were moving with but in the contrary, they spilled secrets that tipped the scales of the war. The famous twenty-two-year-old Connecticut woman who by all means wanted to reach general George Washington, had to ride in the midst of the red coats and turn into a pathological liar in order to deliver some documents with vital information regarding the war. (Pg. 110). With one stop at her uncle’s place to change horses, she met the next one at a sentry by a redcoat and here she had to lie that the was on a way to visit an ailing friend and on top of it claims that it was so early to wake the commander. She had to lie again that the family servant with him (Aristarchus) was a captive and after delivering the document, she was pleased that the general congratulated her for the bravely and patriotism (Pg. 111). Some of the spies went to the extreme risks of saving the patriots form execution set by their captor (loyalists). In 1779, Mammy Kate had to do laundry for the British stable guards where she stole a horse and freed her master (Stephen Heard). (Pg. 114). Women such as Easter Quincy Sewall faced the taste of the aftermath of the war against the mother nation for her political affiliations since she followed her husband as a loyalist. Glasses were shattered by the group of men who showed up at her home and drank wine to their fill. (Pg. 77). The same fate faced a wealthy woman Grace Galloway who had to spend the rest of her life in rental houses. Her husband had abandoned her assuming that the mob would not take away her wealth that had been acquired from her rich family. (Pg. 80). The fact that these women were of the loyalist political affiliations, they were believed to have
children. Defeat by the rebels outside Norfolk made the governor escape with a bunch of the Ethiopian Regiment soldiers who later died due to outbreak of smallpox. In this state, everyone had been freed but not for a long time. a later wave that promised complete emancipation as the African Americans perceived it found more of them in the British camps in large numbers. The proclamation made many of the African Americans die along the way and the remaining did not gain the freedom they were seeking since both the loyalists and British regulars considered them prizes of war captured on the plantations. (Pg. 102). In 1782, Mary Postill lost her freedom through one con man (Jesse Gray) who claimed ownership and resale of the emancipated slaves. The need for. Workers in the farm as well as traders making a living made slavery yet again active even after the revolution. Loss of the war by the British returned slavery in freed stated just like women retook positions earlier described by the society. (Pg. 103)
