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The Muscular and Nervous Systems: Functions, Structures, and Processes, Assignments of Biology

A comprehensive overview of the muscular and nervous systems, covering their key functions, structures, and processes. It delves into the three general functions of the muscular system, the three types of muscle tissues, the role of troponin and tropomyosin in muscle contraction, the importance of minerals like calcium, and the components of the sarcomere. The document also explores the structure and function of neurons, including the neuromuscular junction, action potentials, and the role of the spinal cord and brain in sensory and motor functions. Additionally, it covers common vision and hearing problems, the mechanisms of taste and smell, and the processing of sensory information in the brain. This wealth of information makes the document a valuable resource for students studying anatomy, physiology, or related fields.

Typology: Assignments

2023/2024

Available from 08/26/2024

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Name: ___________________________________________________________
Assignment #3 BIOL 2404 Lecture
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the 3 general functions of the muscular system? What is the primary function?
a. ___________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________
2. What are the three types of muscle tissues?
3. The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber is called a(n) ______________________________________.
4. The thin myofilaments are called _________________________________________.
5. How are the two proteins, troponin and tropomyosin, capable of preventing muscle contraction?
6. What mineral is needed to expose the active site on actin?
7. The thick myofilaments are called ________________________________________.
8. The ability of the muscle to respond to stimuli from a nervous impulse is called
______________________________________.
9. All the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a
______________________________________.
10. Which myofilament contains the crossbridge or head?
11. What two bands of the sarcomere are seen as the striations in skeletal muscle?
12. The neurotransmitter secreted at the neuromuscular junction is _________________________________.
13. The calcium needed for muscle contraction is stored in what part of the muscle fiber?
14. What is a prime mover muscle?
15. Put the following muscle contraction and relaxation steps in order:
______ acetylcholine travels across the synaptic gap
______ actin and myosin form linkages
______ Ca2+ ions diffuse into fiber; bind to troponin
______ actin and myosin linkages are broken
______ calcium ions diffuse out of the skeletal muscle
______ ACH released from distal end of motor neuron
______ cholinesterase decomposes acetylcholine
______ acetylcholine stimulates the skeletal fiber
______ muscle relaxes
______ muscle fiber shortens (contracts)
Movement: Facilitates body and internal organ movements.
Posture and Body Support: Maintains posture and stabilizes the body.
Heat Production: Generates heat to help regulate body temperature.
The primary function of
the muscular system is
movement.
The three types of muscle tissues are Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle
sarcomere
actin
Troponin and tropomyosin prevent muscle contraction by blocking the binding sites on actin for myosin.
myosin
excitability
motor unit
myosin
A band and I band.
acetylcholine
sarcoplasmic reticulum
A prime mover muscle is the main muscle responsible for a specific movement.
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Name: ___________________________________________________________

Assignment #3 – BIOL 2404 Lecture

Answer the following questions.

  1. What are the 3 general functions of the muscular system? What is the primary function?

a. ___________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________

c. ___________________________________________________

  1. What are the three types of muscle tissues?
  2. The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber is called a(n) ______________________________________.
  3. The thin myofilaments are called _________________________________________.
  4. How are the two proteins, troponin and tropomyosin, capable of preventing muscle contraction?
  5. What mineral is needed to expose the active site on actin?
  6. The thick myofilaments are called ________________________________________.
  7. The ability of the muscle to respond to stimuli from a nervous impulse is called

______________________________________.

  1. All the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a

______________________________________.

  1. Which myofilament contains the crossbridge or head?
  2. What two bands of the sarcomere are seen as the striations in skeletal muscle?
  3. The neurotransmitter secreted at the neuromuscular junction is _________________________________.
  4. The calcium needed for muscle contraction is stored in what part of the muscle fiber?
  5. What is a prime mover muscle?
  6. Put the following muscle contraction and relaxation steps in order:

______ acetylcholine travels across the synaptic gap

______ actin and myosin form linkages

______ Ca

2+

ions diffuse into fiber; bind to troponin

______ actin and myosin linkages are broken

______ calcium ions diffuse out of the skeletal muscle

______ ACH released from distal end of motor neuron

______ cholinesterase decomposes acetylcholine

______ acetylcholine stimulates the skeletal fiber

______ muscle relaxes

______ muscle fiber shortens (contracts)

  1. When the muscle is stimulated, until the relaxation phase is eliminated, the muscle is said to be in a

state of complete __________________________________________.

  1. The aerobic method of generating ATP from glucose is called ________________________________.
  2. What is the by-product of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?
  3. Muscle accounts for approximately ______________% of body weight.
  4. The state of constant muscle contraction by a few muscle fibers always is known as

_____________________________________________.

  1. The outermost covering of a muscle is called the __________________________________________,

while the connective tissue covering of the fascicles is called the ______________________________.

The connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber is known as the

________________________________________________.

  1. The movement of a limb away from the body would be called ________________________________.
  2. Bringing a limb closer to the body is called ________________________________________________.
  3. Which of these sarcomere bands or lines narrows when a skeletal muscle contracts?

a) _____ H band b) _____ A band c) _____ I band d) _____ M line

Complete the following.

Correctly relate the order of contraction events in a muscle fiber by numbering each event below. Place

the number in front of the event.

  • Myosin heads bind to active sites on actin molecules
  • Myosin heads return to their high-energy shape (cocked), ready for next working stroke
  • Calcium ions bind to troponin
  • Myosin cross bridges detach from actin
  • ACh is released into the neuromuscular junction
  • Troponin changes shape exposing the active site
  • The sarcolemma depolarizes
  • Myosin heads pull on the thin filaments and slide them toward the sarcomere
  • The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

_____ 1. Neuron a. the difference in electrical charge across a cell membrane

_____ 2. Dendrite b. part of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses

_____ 3. Axon c. the membrane potential of a neuron at rest

_____ 4. nerve d. nerve cell; transmits information throughout the body

_____ 5. membrane potential e. bundle of neurons

_____ 6. resting potential f. part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons

_____ 7. action potential g. a junction at which a neuron meets another cell

_____ 8. Synapse h. a signal molecule that transmits nerve impulses across synapses

_____ 9. neurotransmitter i. nerve impulse

Answer the following questions.

Write the correct term from the list below in the space next to its definition .

Brain Hypothalamus reflex

brain stem Interneurons sensory neuron

central nervous system motor neuron spinal cord

Cerebellum peripheral nervous system thalamus

Cerebrum

In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

__________________ 10. carries motor responses from the central nervous system to muscles, glands,

and other organs

__________________ 11. site of capacity for learning, memory, perception, and intellectual function

__________________ 12. consists of the brain and spinal cord

__________________ 13. relays sensory information

__________________ 14. dense cable of nervous tissue that runs through the vertebral column

__________________ 15. contains neurons that branch throughout the body

__________________ 16. carries information from sense organs to the central nervous system

__________________ 17. the body’s main processing center

__________________ 18. regulates breathing, heart rate and endocrine functions

__________________ 19. link neurons to each other

__________________ 20. collection of structures leading down to the spinal cord

__________________ 21. regulates balance, posture, and movement

__________________ 22. a sudden, rapid, and involuntary self-protective motor response

_____ 23. sensory receptor a. the lining of photoreceptors and neurons in the eye

_____ 24. Retina b. aids in hearing

_____ 25. Rod c. type of photoreceptor that responds best to dim light

_____ 26. Cone d. runs from the back of each eye to the brain

_____ 27. optic nerve e. helps maintain equilibrium

_____ 28. Cochlea f. a specialized neuron that detects sensory stimuli

_____ 29. semicircular canal g. type of photoreceptor that enables color vision

Label the correct parts of the brain and spinal cord on the diagram at the left below.

a. cerebellum d. hypothalamus g. spinal cord

b. medulla oblongata e. corpus callosum h. cerebrum

c. thalamus f. pons i. pituitary gland

General Senses

Label the following mechanoreceptors.