The Nervous System
Organization
Jennifer Carbrey Ph.D.
Department of Cell Biology
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Overview of Neurons, Glial Cells, and Communication in Nervous System, Study notes of Cell Biology
An overview of the nervous system, focusing on the organization of neurons and glial cells, methods of communication between cells, and types of sensory input in both the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Central Nervous System (CNS). the roles of afferent and efferent neurons, the functions of the spinal cord and brain, and the types of sensory receptors. Key concepts include the reflex arc, the division of the PNS into somatic and autonomic nervous systems, and the reciprocal actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
What you will learn
- What are the roles of afferent and efferent neurons in the nervous system?
- What are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and how do they act reciprocally?
- How is the nervous system organized into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Typology: Study notes
2021/2022
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The Nervous System
Organization
Jennifer Carbrey Ph.D. Department of Cell Biology
Nervous System
Cell types
neurons
glial cells
Methods of communication in
nervous system – between cells
How the nervous system is organized
Types of sensory input:
Sensory systems : Vision, Hearing, Taste,
Equilibrium, Olfaction, Somatosensation,
(also visceral stimiuli like pH and O 2 content of
blood, osmolarity, blood glucose)
Somatosensation receptors in skin, muscle
and bones & visceral receptors (in organs)
detect pain, temperature, touch, pressure,
and proprioception
(joint capsule, tendon, and muscle stretch).
PNS Sensory Input
PNS Input & Output
Sympathetic &
Parasympathetic
Nervous systems
image from: Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/107/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray839.png, public domain
Key Concepts
The nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The first two make up the CNS, the latter two constitute the PNS.
The CNS and PNS constitute a reflex arc. The CNS (brain & spinal cord) integrates sensory input (PNS) and provides appropriate output to effectors (PNS).
The efferent portion of the PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Somatic innervates skeletal muscle to cause contraction. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric. Sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic act reciprocally and in opposition (accelerator & brake). Enteric division acts independently in the gut but can be modulated by the other divisions of the ANS. SNS is “fight or flight”; ParaSNS is “rest or digestion”.