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The Principal Functional Groups of Organic Chemistry, Lecture notes of Biochemistry

Ateneo de Naga University (ADNU)Biochemistry

A list of organic compounds, their acceptable names, characteristic reactions, and examples. It covers hydrocarbons, functional group-containing compounds, and the types of reactions they undergo. useful for students studying organic chemistry and provides a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Available from 06/26/2023

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The Principal Functional Groups of Organic
Chemistry
Hydrocarbons (Carbon and Hydrogen Compounds)
Compound Examples Acceptable Name Characteristic Reactions
Alkanes CH3CH3Ethane Free-radical substitution
Alkenes CH2=CH2Ethene or ethylene Electrophilic addition
Alkynes Ethyne or acetylene Electrophilic addition
Dienes CH2=CHCH=CH21,3-Butadiene Electrophilic addition
Arenes Benzene (C6H6#) Electrophilic subsitution
.
Functional Group Containing Compounds
Compound Examples Acceptable Name Characteristic Reactions
Alkyl halides CH3CH2Cl Chloroethane or ethyl chloride Nucleophilic subsitution;
elimination
Alkenyl
halides CH2=CHCl Chloroethene or vinyl chloride Electrophilic addition;
elimination
Aryl halides C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene Electrophilic & nucleophilic
aromatic substituion
Alcohols CH3CH2OH Ethanol or ethyl alcohol Dehydration; esterification
Phenols C6H5OH Phenol Electrophilic subsitution
Epoxides Ethylene oxide or oxirane Nucleophilic ring opening
Aldehydes CH3CHO Ethanal or acetaldehyde Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl
Ketone CH3COCH32-Propanone or acetone Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl
Carboxylic
acids CH3COOH Ethanoic (acetic) acid Acid ionization; ester formation
Acyl halides CH3COCl Ethanoyl (acetyl) chloride Nucleophilic acyl subsitution
Acid
anhydrides Ethanoic (acetic) anhydride Nucleophilic acyl subsitution
Esters Ethyl ethanoate (acetate) Nucleophilic acyl subsitution
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The Principal Functional Groups of Organic

Chemistry

Hydrocarbons (Carbon and Hydrogen Compounds)

Compound Examples Acceptable Name Characteristic Reactions Alkanes CH 3 CH 3 Ethane Free-radical substitution Alkenes CH 2 =CH 2 Ethene or ethylene Electrophilic addition Alkynes Ethyne or acetylene Electrophilic addition Dienes CH 2 =CHCH=CH 2 1,3-Butadiene Electrophilic addition Arenes Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) Electrophilic subsitution

Functional Group Containing Compounds

Compound Examples Acceptable Name Characteristic Reactions Alkyl halides CH 3 CH 2 Cl Chloroethane or ethyl chloride Nucleophilic subsitution; elimination Alkenyl halides CH 2 =CHCl Chloroethene or vinyl chloride Electrophilic addition; elimination Aryl halides C 6 H 5 Cl Chlorobenzene Electrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substituion Alcohols CH 3 CH 2 OH Ethanol or ethyl alcohol Dehydration; esterification Phenols C 6 H 5 OH Phenol Electrophilic subsitution Epoxides Ethylene oxide or oxirane Nucleophilic ring opening Aldehydes CH 3 CHO Ethanal or acetaldehyde Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl Ketone CH 3 COCH 3 2-Propanone or acetone Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl Carboxylic acids CH 3 COOH Ethanoic (acetic) acid Acid ionization; ester formation Acyl halides CH 3 COCl Ethanoyl (acetyl) chloride Nucleophilic acyl subsitution Acid anhydrides Ethanoic (acetic) anhydride Nucleophilic acyl subsitution Esters Ethyl ethanoate (acetate) Nucleophilic acyl subsitution

Amides CH 3 CONHCH 3 N-Methylethanamide or N- methylacetamide Nucleophilic acyl subsitution Amines CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 Ethanamine or ethylamine Nitrogen (base) as nucleophile Nitriles CH 3 CN Ethanenitrile or acetonitrile Nucleophilic addition Nitro comps. C 6 H 5 NO 2 Nitrobenzene Reduction of nitro to amine Thiols CH 3 CH 2 SH Ethanethiol Oxidation to acids or disulfides Sulfides CH 3 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 3 Diethyl sulfide Alkylation or oxidation

Organic Compounds, and the Types of Reactions They Undergo

Compound Examples Acceptable Name Characteristic Reactions Alkanes CH 3 CH 3 Ethane Free-radical substitution Alkenes CH 2 =CH 2 Ethene or ethylene Electrophilic addition Alkynes Ethyne or acetylene Electrophilic addition Dienes CH 2 =CHCH=CH 2 1,3-Butadiene Electrophilic addition Arenes Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) Electrophilic subsitution Alkyl halides CH 3 CH 2 Cl Chloroethane or ethyl chloride Nucleophilic subsitution; elimination Alkenyl halides CH 2 =CHCl Chloroethene or vinyl chloride Electrophilic addition; elimination Aryl halides C 6 H 5 Cl Chlorobenzene Electrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substituion Alcohols CH 3 CH 2 OH Ethanol or ethyl alcohol Dehydration; esterification Phenols C 6 H 5 OH Phenol Electrophilic subsitution Epoxides Ethylene oxide or oxirane Nucleophilic ring opening Aldehydes CH 3 CHO Ethanal or acetaldehyde Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl Ketone CH 3 COCH 3 2-Propanone or acetone Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl Carboxylic acids CH 3 COOH Ethanoic (acetic) acid Acid ionization; ester formation Acyl halides CH 3 COCl Ethanoyl (acetyl) chloride Nucleophilic acyl subsitution Acid anhydrides Ethanoic (acetic) anhydride Nucleophilic acyl subsitution Esters Ethyl ethanoate (acetate) Nucleophilic acyl subsitution