The regions of the abdomen, Slides of Anatomy

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Region of the

Abdomen

Abdomen

 The abdomen is the part of the trunk

between the thorax and the pelvis.

It is a flexible, dynamic container, housing

most of the organs of the alimentary system

and part of the urogenital system.

 The abdomen consists of:

• abdominal walls
• abdominal cavity
• abdominal viscera

 The regional system divides the abdomen based on:

• the subcostal plane
• linea bicostalis: between Х-th ribs
• the transtubercular plane
• linea bispinalis: between ASIS.

 Epigastrium

 Mesogastrium

 Hypogastrium

ABDOMINAL WALL

 The right and left midclavicular lines subdivide it into:

 Epigastrium:

• Epigastric region
• Right hypochondric region
• Left hypochondric region

 Mesogastrium:

• Umbilical region
• Regio lateralis dex.
• Regio lateralis sin.

 Hypogastrium:

• Pubic region
• Right inguinal region
• Left inguinal region

ABDOMINAL WALL

Organization of the layers

 Skin

 Subcutaneous tissue

 superficial fatty layer - Camper's fascia

 deep membranous layer - Scarpa's fascia

 Muscles

 Transversalis fascia

 Extraperitoneal fat

 Parietal peritoneum

Superficial structures

 Arteries:

• Superficial epigastric a.
• Superficial circumflex iliac a.
• External pudendal a.

 Veins:

 In the upper abdomen:

• Thoracoepigastric v.

 In the lower abdomen:

• Superficial epigastric v.
• Superficial circumflex iliac v.
• External pudendal v.

 Around the umbilicus:

• Parumbilical veins
• Deep veins:
• Intercostal vv.
• Superior epigastric v.
• Inferior epigastric v.

Superficial structures

Superficial structures

 Lymphatic drainage

 From the upper abdominal half to:

• Axillary lymph nodes

 From the lower abdominal half to :

• Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Anterolateral Abdominal Wall

 There are five (bilaterally paired) muscles in the anterolateral abdominal wall: three flat muscles -

• external oblique,
• internal oblique, and
• transversus abdominis two vertical muscles –
• rectus abdominis and
• pyramidalis

 The external oblique muscle

 Is the largest and most superficial

 The proximal attachments are the external surfaces of ribs 5 to 12.

 The distal attachments are the linea alba, pubic tubercle, and anterior half of the iliac crest.

 the inguinal ligament is the inferior border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

 The transversus abdominis

 Is the innermost of the three flat abdominal muscles

 The proximal attachments are internal surfaces of 7th-12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest

 The distal attachments are linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest

 run more or less transversally.

Rectus abdominis m.

 long, broad, strap-like muscle

 is the principal vertical muscle

 Origin:

• xiphoid process and 5th-7th costal cartilages

 Insertion:

• pubic symphysis, pubic crest

• Move the trunk and help to maintain posture (resisting lumbar lordosis).
• The rectus abdominis is a powerful flexor
• Support the abdominal viscera and protect them from most injuries.
• Compress the abdominal contents to maintain or increase the intra- abdominal pressure
• Produce the force required for defecation (discharge of feces), micturition (urination), vomiting, and parturition (childbirth).

Functions and actions of anterolateral abdominal muscles

Rectus sheath (vagina m. recti abdominis)

 Strong, incomplete fibrous compartment of the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles.

 It is formed by the decussation and interweaving of the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles.