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ISSN 2618-1576 Vol. 1, Issue 1: 43-50, DOI: 10.25236/FSST.
Published by Francis Academic Press, UK
The techniques of manual massage and its
application on exercise-induced fatigue: a
literature review
Houyong Zhong
1, 4 , Cuimei Wang
1 , Zhen Wan
2 , Jinpei Lei
3
_1. Faculty of Physical Education, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China. 2.Kaiping maternal and child health care family planning service center of Guangdong Province, Kaiping, 529300, China.
- Kaiping Central Hospital of Guangdong Province, Kaiping, 529300, China.
- Research and Training Center for Enhancing Quality of Life of Working-Age People, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand._
ABSTRACT. Massage therapy has been shown to have beneficial effects on various conditions. It is widely used in the field of sports which includes exercise-induced fatigue. There are many techniques among the different kinds of massage. This paper describes the different the techniques of manual massage which include Effleurage (gliding strokes), Petrissage (Kneading Strokes), Friction, Compression, Tapotement (Percussion), Vibration, and Joint mobilizations and stretches. In addition, reviews the techniques of manual massage and exercise-induced fatigue. The result showed that he most popular application techniques of manual massage on exercise-induced fatigue are Effleurage and Petrissage. Therefore, Effleurage and Petrissage can be seen as the useful methods to deal with exercise-induced fatigue for athletes after training sessions or intensive competition.
Keywords: Massage; technique of manual massage; Exercise-induced fatigue; Review
1. Introduction
Manual massage has been used for rehabilitation and relaxation for thousands of years around the world. Manual massage can be defined as ‘‘a mechanical manipulation of body tissues with rhythmical pressure and stroking for the purpose of promoting health and well-being’’[1]. Massage therapy has been shown to have beneficial effects on varying conditions including prenatal depression, preterm infants, full-term infants, autism, skin conditions, pain syndromes including arthritis and fibromyalgia[2][3][4][5][6][7], hypertension, autoimmune conditions including asthma and multiple sclerosis, immune conditions including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and breast cancer and aging problems including Parkinson's and dementia[8][9][10][11].
ISSN 2618-1576 Vol. 1, Issue 1: 43-50, DOI: 10.25236/FSST.
Published by Francis Academic Press, UK
Manual massage also has been widely used in sports. Quick recovery from training and competition is recognized as the most important aspects for athletes, which can reduce the accumulation of exercise-induced fatigue (EIF), avoid overtraining, and prevent the risk of sports-related injuries[12]. To achieve this goal, many methods are used, and therapeutic massage is one of the effective treatments. Evidence-based researches show massage can affect muscle fatigue, which include both the body's overall fatigue[13][14][15][16] and the local fatigue, such as, thumb fatigue[17], quadriceps fatigue[18], lumbar muscle fatigue[19], enhance body recovery [20][21][22], release the delayed onset muscle soreness[23][24], prevent injury, promote athlete performance,[21][25] [20][26]etc. The large proportion of massage application in sports events is due to many coaches and athletes holding the belief, based on observations and experiences, that massage can provide several benefits to the body such as increased blood flow, reduced muscle tension and neurological excitability, and an increased sense of well-being.
There are many types of massage all around the world, such as, Swedish massage, India massage, Japanese massage, Traditional Chinese Massage, Traditional Thai massage, etc., so also have numerous techniques of massage in existence. Different of the techniques of manual massage have different function. The purpose of this paper was to describe and review the current literature on the techniques of manual massage and its application on exercise-induced fatigue.
2. The techniques of manual massage
According to a 2007 survey conducted by the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards, Swedish massage is the most popular massage method practiced in the United States and sports. This survey is the largest of its kind conducted in history. Therefor the techniques of Swedish massage are introduced in this part[27].
2.1 Effleurage(gliding strokes)
Effleurage is the application of gliding movements that are repeated and fo1low the contours of the body. These movements may be linear or circular. Pressure may be superficial (light) or deep. Variations include one-handed, two- handed, alternate hand, and nerve stroke. The term effleurage (ef-flur-ahzh) originates from the French verb effleurer, meaning “to flow“ and “to glide.“ This is the most versatile massage stroke; you can perform an entire session with effleurage by simply changing depth of pressure, direction of pressure, excursion, speed, and rhythm. Effleurage can be used on virtually every type of body surface. Effleurage is used to apply lubricant and is excellent for assessing, treating, and reassessing tissues. It is also the stroke used to begin and end a massage, as well as the preferred transition stroke to use between other strokes. Effleurage is the most commonly used stroke.
2.2 Petrissage (Kneading Strokes)
ISSN 2618-1576 Vol. 1, Issue 1: 43-50, DOI: 10.25236/FSST.
Published by Francis Academic Press, UK
Joints, muscles, and other soft tissues that benefit from massage will also benefit from joint mobilizations and stretching techniques to improve function, restore mobility, and increase range of motion. These techniques provide additional treatment options and can easily be applied before, during, or after the massage, or they may be used as the primary technique. Furthermore, these techniques can be administered passively or actively.
3. The techniques of manual massage and exercise-induced fatigue
Manual massage includes numerous techniques; however, which one is the most popular or appropriate to deal with exercise-related fatigue. There is no answer. Nine compute databases (PubMed, Science direct, SPORT Discus, Springer Link, ProQuest, PubMed, Google scholar, Medline and Europe PMC) were used to this literature, in addition to manual journal searches. The computer databases can provide biomedical and sport-oriented journals, serial publications, books, theses, conference papers and related articles published. The KEYWORDS and phrases for searching include: ‘ muscle fatigue’, ‘sport massage’, ‘exercise fatigue’, ‘massage’, ‘muscle stiffness’, ‘blood lactate’, ‘delayed onset muscle soreness’ and ‘blood flow, etc. Then got the following articles (see table 1), the total number is 36, there are 10 articles have “exercise fatigue“ or “muscle fatigue“ in its title, 13 articles about Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, 8 articles about Blood Lactate remove, and 5 articles about psychological variables among it. According to the statistics which shows that there are 11 massage techniques appear in these 36 pieces of articles, even there are some techniques are similar, such as, petrissage and stroking, effleurage and kneading, vibration and shaking, which did not be cared about in this analysis. From the table 2 which shows that most of the articles provide the information about the techniques and the duration of massage. Only three articles did not describe which kind of the technique that they used to as intervention method and only two articles did not describe the duration of massage. From the using frequency of massage techniques, the first two places are effleurage and petrissage, the frequency of use is 24 times and 21 times respectively, the percent of use is 66.7% and 58.3% respectively. It shows that effleurage and petrissage are the most popular massage techniques that were used to relieve the muscle fatigue or in sports area. Even there are no evidence-based comparison researches for each massage technique, few details about how the each massage technique to affect muscle fatigue, and why they choose these two massage techniques as their intervention method.
Table 1 application of massage techniques on exercise-related fatigue
No. study massage techniques duration
Balke et al. Rinder and Sutherland. Balked et al.
Muscle fatigue or exercise fatigue NA Petrissage, effleurage Vibratory mechanical massage,Manual massage not specified
min 6 min 3 min
ISSN 2618-1576 Vol. 1, Issue 1: 43-50, DOI: 10.25236/FSST.
Published by Francis Academic Press, UK
Carafilli et al. Tanakat. Rinder AN. Young R. Brooks C. Rinder et al. Carafalli et al. Farr T. Hart J. Jonhagen S. Tiidus PM. Smith LL. Mancinelli C. Weber MD. Farr et al. Hasson et al. Hilbert et al. Lightfoot et al. Rodenburg et al. Smith et al. Bale and James. Dolgener and Morien. Gupta et al. Hemmings et al. Monedero and Donne. Gupta S. Poertson A. Monedero J. Leivadi et al. Zeitlin et al Weinberg et al Hemmings Hemmings et al.
Vibratory mechanical massage Effleurage, kneading, and compression Petrissage, effleurage Slow, rhythmic effleurage and deep stroking effleurage and circular friction Petrissage, effleurage Percussive, vibratory Delayed onset muscle soreness Petrissage, effleurage Repeating the cycles of Petrissage and effleurage Petrissage, effleurage Superficial and deep effleurage stroke Petrissage, shaking, wringing, cross-fiber massage, effleurage Petrissage, effleurage and vibration Petrissage, effleurage Petrissage, effleurage Retrograde 12 min of Petrissage, 7 min of effleurage, 1 min of tapotement Petrissage effleurage, tapotement, and Petrissage effleurage, shaking, petrissage, cross-fibre Blood lactate NA Petrissage, effleurage kneading and stroking Petrissage, effleurage Stroking, effleurage and tapotement Kneading and stroking Effleurage Effleurage, stroking, And taponement Psychological variables Petrissage, effleurage, and friction Petrissage, effleurage, and friction NA Petrissage, effleurage Petrissage, effleurage
4 min 5 min 3 min 5 min 5 min 22 min 5 min 30 min 5 min 10 min 10 min 30 min 17min 8 min 30 min NA 20 min 10 min 15 min 5 min 17 min 20 min 10 min 20 min 15 min 10 min 20 min 15 min 30 min 60 min NA 20 min 20 min
Table 2 statistics of using frequency about massage techniques
Massage techniques Frequency(times) Percent (%) Rank
Effleurage Petrissage
ISSN 2618-1576 Vol. 1, Issue 1: 43-50, DOI: 10.25236/FSST.
Published by Francis Academic Press, UK
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ISSN 2618-1576 Vol. 1, Issue 1: 43-50, DOI: 10.25236/FSST.
Published by Francis Academic Press, UK
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