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THE TISSUES OF THE BODY, Cheat Sheet of Anatomy

Araullo University (AU)Anatomy

THE TISSUES OF THE BODY THE TISSUES OF THE BODY

What you will learn

  • What are the main differences between loose and dense connective tissues?
  • How do protein fibers and the extracellular matrix contribute to the properties of connective tissues?
  • What are the different types of epithelial tissues and what are their functions?

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/15/2022

priya-garcia
priya-garcia 🇵🇭

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TISSUES
A group of cells with similar structure and
function that have similar extracellular
substances located between them.
Histology
The microscopic study of tissue
structure
Epithelial Tissue
▪
Covers external and internal
surfaces;
▪
Has a basement membrane,
▪
Little EM (extracellular matrix),
▪
No blood vessels (avascular).
▪
Regenerate easily if well-
nourished.
Functions of Epithelial Tissues (PAPSA)
1.
Protecting
underlying structures.
2.
Acting
as a barrier.
3.
Permitting
the passage of
substances.
4.
Secreting
substances.
5.
Absorbing
substances.
Classification of Epithelium
Accdg. To Layers
1.
Simple E. – single layered
2.
Stratified
E.
–
multi
--‐‐
layered
3.
Pseudostratified Columnar E –
single layered but appears to be
stratified
4.
Transitional E – stratified x can
be greatly stretched
Accdg. To Shape
1.
Squamous –
flat; like fish scales
a.
Non
--‐‐
keratinized
--‐‐
in
the
deepest
and
outermost layers,
moist
b.
Keratinized
--‐‐
composed of dead
cells containing the protein
keratin; durable,
moisture
--‐
‐
resistant,
dry
character.
2.
Cuboidal
–
cube
--‐‐
like
3.
Columnar –
tall and thin;
shaped like columns
Functional Characteristics
Simple Epithelia
▪ Functions in absorption,
secretion, and filtration
▪ Very thin (so not suited for
protection)
Simple S qu am o us E.
▪ diffusion, filtration, secretion, or
absorption; found in organs: to
move materials.
TISSUES
Owned By: Pdf_sells
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TISSUES

A group of cells with similar structure and function that have similar extracellular substances located between them. Histology The microscopic study of tissue structure Epithelial Tissue ▪ Covers external and internal surfaces; ▪ Has a basement membrane, ▪ Little EM (extracellular matrix), ▪ No blood vessels (avascular). ▪ Regenerate easily if well- nourished. Functions of Epithelial Tissues (PAPSA)

  1. Protecting underlying structures.
  2. Acting as a barrier.
  3. Permitting the passage of substances.
  4. Secreting substances.
  5. Absorbing substances. Classification of Epithelium Accdg. To Layers **1. Simple E. – single layered
  6. Stratified E. – multi--‐‐layered
  7. Pseudostratified Columnar E – single layered but appears to be stratified
  8. Transitional E – stratified x can be greatly stretched** Accdg. To Shape 1. Squamous – flat; like fish scales a. Non--‐‐keratinized - -‐‐ in the deepest and outermost layers, moist b. Keratinized - -‐‐ composed of dead cells containing the protein keratin; durable, moisture--‐ ‐resistant, dry character. 2. Cuboidal – cube--‐‐like 3. Columnar – tall and thin; shaped like columns Functional Characteristics Simple Epithelia ▪ Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration ▪ Very thin (so not suited for protection) Simple S q u a m o u s E. ▪ diffusion, filtration, secretion, or absorption; f ound in organs: to move materials.

TISSUES

▪ Lines air sacs of the lungs ▪ Forms walls of capillaries ▪ Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover organs in ventral cavity Simple cuboidal E. ▪ Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells ▪ Common in glands and their ducts ▪ Forms walls of kidney tubules ▪ Covers the surface of ovaries Simple Columnar E. ▪ Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells Pseudostratified columnar E. ▪ All cells rest on a basement membrane ▪ Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others ▪ giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification ▪ Location: respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ▪ Functions in absorption or secretion Stratified Epithelia ▪ Consist of two or more cell layers ▪ Function primarily in protection Stratified Squamous E. ▪ Most common stratified epithelium ▪ Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, ▪ which are squamous ▪ Functions as a protective covering where friction is common Stratified cuboidal E. ▪ two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection Stratified columnar E. ▪ surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape; functions in protection

Connective Tissue ▪ Large amounts of EM Functions of Connective Tissue (EC2S2PT)

  1. Enclosing and separating other tissues.
  2. Connecting tissues to one another.
  3. Supporting and moving parts of the body.
  4. Storing compounds.
  5. Cushioning and insulating.
  6. Transporting.
  7. Protecting. Cells of Connective Tissue ▪ Blast (germ) – froms the matrix ▪ Cyte (cells) – maintains ▪ Clast (break) – breaks down ▪ Adipocytes – contain large amount of lipids ▪ Macrophages – WBCs that move about and ingest foreign substances ▪ Mast Cells – play an important role in inflammation ▪ Mesenchymal Cells – have the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types Extracellular Matrix ▪ Protein Fibers ➢ Collagen Fibers – microscopic ropes; flexible but resist stretching ➢ Reticular Fibers – fine, short that branch; support network ➢ Elastic Fibers – coiled; can recoil back to shape ▪ Ground Substance – shapeless background where cells and collagen fibers can be seen; highly structured molecules ➢ Proteoglycans – pine trees: branches = proteins, pine needles = polysaccharides; trap large quantities of water ▪ **Fluid Classification of Connective Tissue Adult Connective Tissue I. Connective Tissue Proper
  8. Loose Connective Tissue** ▪ Few protein fibers, numerous spaces a. Areolar – EM: collagen fibers and few elastic fibers b. Adipose – consists of adipocytes (fat cells): contain large amounts of lipid (for energy storage); EM: loose arranged collagen and reticular fibers, scattered elastic fibers c. Reticular - Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells (like fibroblasts); Forms stroma

(internal framework) of organs

2. Dense Connective Tissue ▪ Large amount of protein fibers a. Collagenous – EM: collagen fibers b. Elastic – abundant elastic fibers (stretch and recoil) in its collagen fibers **II. Supporting Connective Tissue

  1. Cartilage** ▪ Composed of chondrocytes , in spaces c a l l e d lacunae ▪ Flexibility and strength ▪ Provides support a. Hyaline – most abundant, covers the ends of bones, can withstand repeated compressions b. Fibro – more collagen, able to resists pulling or tearing, found in disks between vertebrae and some joints (knee and jaw) c. Elastic – contains elastic fibers, able to recoil to its original, external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube 2. Bone ▪ Hard connective tissue ▪ Consists of living cells, mineralized matrix ▪ Osteocytes (bone cells), are located within lacunae ▪ Support and protect other organs a. Spongy b. Compact III. Fluid Connective Tissue a. Blood – liquid matrix: enables blood to flow rapidly; carry nutrients, oxygen, waste products ➢ RBCs ➢ WBCs ➢ Platelets b. Hemopoietic - -‐‐ forms bloods cells

▪ Line the digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts ▪ Protection, absorption, secretion II. Serous Membranes ▪ Simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue ▪ Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within it ▪ Serous fluid prevents damage from abrasion a. Pleural – lungs b. Pericardial – heart c. Peritoneal – abdominopelvic cavity III. Synovial Membranes ▪ Formed by connective tissue ▪ Line the inside of joint cavities ▪ Synovial fluid – reduce friction to allow smooth movement within the joints Tissue Damage and Inflammation Inflammation – occurs when tissues are damaged Histamine & Prostaglandins – chemical mediators of inflammation Edema - -‐‐ swelling Neutrophil – phagocytic WBC that fights infection Pus – mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, fluid Chronic Inflammation ▪ Results when the agent causing injury is not removed or something else interferes with the healing process Tissue Repair ▪ Substitution of viable cells for dead cells ▪ Can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis Regeneration – new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed Fibrosis/Replacement – a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production Stem Cells – self--‐‐renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life Clot – contains protein fibrin (binds the edges of a wound together and stops the bleeding) Scab – dried surface of a clot; seals the wound and helps prevent infection
Granulation Tissue – delicate, granular appearing connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen, capillaries Effects of Aging on Tissues ▪ Cells divide more slowly. ▪ Injuries heal more slowly. ▪ EM containing collagen & elastic fibers becomes less flexible and less elastic. ▪ Skin wrinkles. ▪ Elasticity in blood arteries is reduced. ▪ Bones break more easily.