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Theories on International Relations Reviewer 1 Theories Orders in the World Features of World Politics Actors and its Nature Interests of Actors Definition of Globalization Realism Struggle for power between each trying to maximize their national interest Results to a mechanism known as the balance of power whereby states act so as to prevent any one state dominating Anarchic Statism Self Help Survival Military forces as the important tool for implementing statesโ foreign policy States as sovereign actors States tantamount to human: fixed, selfish Bargaining alliances with diplomacy as key mechanism for balancing various national interests National interest of all states must be SURVIVAL Ultimate concern of states is SECURITY โ Waltz Hegemony - Mearsheimer Globalization affects social, economic and cultural lives but does not transcend the international political systems of state Liberalism Emerge not from the balance of power but from the interactions between many layers of governing arrangements, compromising laws, agreed norms, international regimes and (?) Interdependence between sates is a critically important feature of world politics Human beings are perfectible but democracy is needed for that perfectibility to develop MNCs, transnational groups State is not a Interest varies No definite national interest since it merely represents the result of a bureaucratic organization dominating the decision making Globalization as the end product of a long terms running transformation of world politics: Revolution of technology and communications represented by globalization is highly important
Theories on International Relations Reviewer 2 unitary actors by as a set of bureaucracies each with its own interest Marxism The division of the world into core, semi-periphery and the periphery areas Dominance of the power of global capitalism Take place within a world of capitalist economy Class conflicts are set out Degree of economic autonomy Classes are the important actors The behavior of all actors is explicable by class forces Bourgeoisie as the capitalist; Proletariat as the working class Capitalist dominates the working class Core exhaust the resources of the periphery Sham nothing new Defined as only latest stage in the development of international capitalism Western fed capitalism furthers the development of global capitalism Further dividing the core, semi periphery and the periphery Constructivism Humans continues to make and remake the world Cahnging Human agency has great potential in world politics Human agency It is always changing because of varying interest of human agency External force acting on states Globalization can be molded ina variety of ways, notably because it creates cross-national social movements aided by modern technological forms of communication Neoliberal Neorealist Foreign Policy It is about managing complex interdependence and the various process of globalization Institutions should be created to manage the issue-areas where states State-centric view; international relations as a world of conflict and cooperation Foreign policy dominated by issues of national security and survival Accepts existence of institutions and regimes as long as it will serve their absolute interest and they continue to support these regimes and institution if the
Theories on International Relations Reviewer 4 ii. Neorealism (Structural Functionalism) โ Struggle for power is not a result of human nature โ Result of security competition and interstate conflict is due to the lack of an overarching authority above state and relative distribution of power Kenneth Waltz โ Defined the structure of the international system in terms of: organizing principles, differentiation of chints (?) and distribution of capabilities (distribution of power) Variants of Structural Realism i. Offensive โ Power maximizer โ How much power do states want โ Revisionist powers โ Expansionist politics โ States seek to improve their relative positions and that states should strive for power โ Bandwagoning ii. Defensive โ Security maximizers โ Status quo powers โ Power is the means to and end of security, for crucial situations the ultimate concern of states is not for power but for security โ Balancing (internal and external) iii. Neoclassical Realism โ Importance to domestic politics as an intervening variable between the distribution of power and foreign policy โ You have an interest that you articulate through a domestic policy that you try to internationalize and instruct other allies to do as you please to reach your interest [ USA โ countering terrorism ] Fareed Zakaria โ Intervening variable of states strength into hi theory of state centered realism โ State strength is defined as the ability of a state to mobilize and direct the resources (?) II. Liberalism Four Assumptions i. State and non-state actors are important in world politics ii. Interactions between state and non-state actors and b y bureaucracies and institutions tat operates within a state and national borders
Theories on International Relations Reviewer 5 iii. Economic interdependence and other interconnectedness among both state and non-state actors result to, if not a pacifying tendencies, then at least moderate state behavior iv. Agenda of international politics is extensive Types of Liberalism i. Classical Liberalism โ Rooted in stoicism โ Individual is the most important unit of analysis and the claimant/ rights โ People as rational, calculating individuals capable of deciding what was best for themselves without much government interference (Jeremy Bentham) โ Immanuel Kant โ concept of world citizenship ii. Neoliberalism โ Integration โ Independent states pool some of their resources and surrender their sovereignty to create integrated communities to promote economic growth or respond to regional problems โ Institutions as mediator and means to achieve cooperation among actors in the system โ Increasing linkages among state and non-state actors Four Arguments in an Optimistic View of Interstate Actors i. Commercial Liberalism ii. Democratic Liberalism โ Francis Fukuyama iii. Regulatory liberalism โ relative versus absolute gains; Prisonerโs Dilemma iv. Past experiences of War, its effect an loss โ Nuclear Proliferation theory Concepts of Liberalism i. Transnationalism โ Process whereby international relations conducted by governments have been supplemented by relations among private individuals โ James Rosenau ii. Modernizations โ Social, political and economic pre-requisites for and consequences of industrialization iii. Integration โ Transnationalism leads to integration โ Functionalist theory iv. Low Politics โ Issues that arenโt controversial v. Democratic Peace โ Democracies fight against authoritarian democracy vi. Multilateralism โ Tendency for functional aspects of international relations to be organized around large number of states or rather, universally Neo โ Neo Debate Both agree that international system is anarchic and encourage the state to act unilaterally
Theories on International Relations Reviewer 7 Marxist Theories and Thinkers i. World System Theory Model โ Immanuel Wallerstein โ Capitalist is a system of production for sale ii. Dependency Theory โ Attribute primary importance to the role of multinational corporations and international banks based in developed countries in exerting fundamental controls over the developing countries โ Third world theory
Theories on International Relations Reviewer 8 IV. Constructivism
- World is a project that is always on construction; a state of becoming rather than being
- Views international structure in terms of social structure infused with the ideational factors to include norms rules and laws; o Identity has several sources (i.e. religion, education and etc.) if these change, it leads to a redefinition of you as an individual
- Seeks to problematize the identities and interest of states and gives importance of subjective and inter-subjective exchanges and actions taken by human being as agents of these states and non-state organizational entities
- Emphasized on epistemological and ontological references [Security varies. Each state has a different interest = different definition of security; Interest varies depending on your definition, structure of you environment and etc.] [Sense of influence (status symbol) because you perceive that person to have influence] Components i. Intersubjectivity โ My relationship with the other (structure/ human agent, etc.) โ Shared by people, defined by their person to person interaction โ Self-other exchange ii. Logic of Appropriateness โ Assumes human actors follow norms and rules that associate to particular identities to particular situation Interpretation Interaction Structure
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