THEORIES OF EMOTION
OBJECTIVE 1: Identify the three components of emotions,
and contrast the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-
factor theories of emotion.
1. Emotions have three components: __PHYSIOLOGICAL__
___AROUSAL___, __EXPRESSIVE___ __BEHAVIORS__,
and ____CONSCIOUS____ ___EXPERIENCE______.
2. According to the James-Lange theory, emotional states
______FOLLOW_______ (precede/follow) body arousal.
Describe two problems that Walter Cannon identified with
the James-Lange theory.
CANNON ARGUED THAT THE BODY’S RESPONSES WERE
NOT SUFFICIENTLY DISTINCT TO TRIGGER THE DIFFERENT
EMOTIONS AND, FURTHERMORE, THAT PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHANGES OCCUR TOO SLOWLY TO TRIGGER SUDDEN
EMOTION.
3. Cannon proposed that emotional stimuli in the
environment are routed simultaneously to the
____CORTEX___, which results in awareness of the
emotion, and to the _____SYMPATHETIC____ nervous
system, which causes the body’s reaction. Because
another scientist concurrently proposed similar ideas,
this theory has come to be known as the _CANNON____
- ___BARD__ theory.
4. The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotion
has two components: ___PHYSIOLGOICAL__ arousal and
a __COGNITIVE__ label. This theory was proposed by
__SCHACTER__.
EMBODIED EMOTION
OBJECTIVE 2: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM DURING EMOTIONAL AROUSAL.
1. Describe the major physiological changes that each of
the following undergoes during emotional arousal:
a. heart: ____HEART RATE INCREASES_____
b. muscles: ____MUSCLES BECOME TENSE_______
c. liver: THE LIVER POURS EXTRA SUGAR INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
d. breathing: __BREATHING RATE INCREASES__
e. digestion: ____DIGESTION SLOWS___________
f. pupils: _____PUPILS DILATE_______________
g. blood: _BLOOD TENDS TO CLOT MORE RAPIDLY__
h. skin: ___SKIN PERSPIRES____
2. The responses of arousal are activated by the
__SYMPATHETIC__ nervous system. In response to its
signal, the ____ADRENAL____ glands release the
hormones ___EPINEPHRINE___ and
___NOREPINEPHRINE____, which increase heart rate,
blood pressure, and blood sugar.
3. When the need for arousal has passed, the body is
calmed through activation of the
___PARASYMPATHETIC__ nervous system.
OBJECTIVE 3: Discuss the relationship between arousal
and performance.
4. People usually perform best when they feel
____MODERATELY___ aroused.
5. The level of arousal for optimal performance
_____VARIES____ (varies/is the same) for different
tasks.
6. For tasks that are ____EASY___, peak performance
comes with relatively ____HIGH______ (high/low)
arousal. For tasks that are _____DIFFICULT_____,
optimal arousal is _____LOWER_____ (higher/lower).
OBJECTIVE 4: Name three emotions that involve similar
physiological arousal.
7. The various emotions are associated with
_____SIMILAR___ (similar/different) forms of
physiological arousal. In particular, the emotions of
___FEAR____, ______ANGER___, and ___SEXUAL____
___AROUSAL____ are difficult to distinguish
physiologically.
OBJECTIVE 8: Describe some physiological and brain
pattern indicators of specific emotions.
8. The emotions ___FEAR____ and __RAGE_____ are
accompanied by differing ____FINGER____ temperatures
and ___HORMONE___ secretions.
9. The emotions ____FEAR___ and __JOY_____ stimulate
different facial muscles.
10. The brain circuits underlying different emotions
__ARE____ (are/are not) different. For example, seeing
a fearful face elicits greater activity in the
__AMYGDALA____ than seeing a(n) ___ANGRY____face.
People who have generally negative personalities, and
those who are prone to __DEPRESSION___, show more
activity in the __RIGHT__ __PREFRONTAL__
__CORTEX___ of the brain.
11. When people experience positive moods, brain scans
reveal more activity in the ____LEFT____
__FRONTAL____ ___LOBE__.
12. Individuals with more active _____LEFT___ (right/left)
lobes tend to be more cheerful than those in whom this
pattern of brain activity is reversed. This may be due to
the rich supply of __DOPAMINE___ receptors in this area
of the brain.
13. Electrical areas of the brain’s ___NUCLEUS___
_ACCUMBENS__ can trigger smiling and laughter.
UNIT 8B: EMOTIONS AND STRESS
