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This thesis is about some ndps substance and liquor and there test, Thesis of Forensics

Variety of narcotics,drugs and psychotropic substance and how to identify them is briefly mentioned and some liquor test also...

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2022/2023

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FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY, MAHANAGAR,
LUCKNOW
TRAINING REPORT
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Aarfeen Hassan chemistry division,fsl
Institute of forensic science and. Lucknow
Criminal investigation
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FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY, MAHANAGAR,

LUCKNOW

TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Aarfeen Hassan chemistry division,fsl

Institute of forensic science and. Lucknow

Criminal investigation

Acknowledgement

I, Aarfeen hassan a student of Institute of forensic science and criminal

investigation Ghaziabad, have successfully completed my training at

Forensic Science Laboratory, Mahanagar, Lucknow, U.P. I am highly

obliged to the director and deputy director for granting me the

permission for this training. I would like to thank the joint director of

Chemistry division, Mrs Abha Rani, Dr. Manoj Kumar Sharma and all

the members of chemistry division for being extremely supportive and

kind towards me, teaching and guiding me through the process of

learning. This training period was extremely beneficial for me and I shall

cherish tis throughout. I would like to pay my hearty thanks to every

member of the Forensic Science Laboratory, Lucknow.

INTRODUCTION Forensic science is the use of scientific methods or expertise to investigate crimes or examine evidence that might be presented in a court of law. Forensic science comprises a diverse array of disciplines, from fingerprint and DNA analysis to anthropology and wildlife forensics. Though they represent varied disciplines, all forensic scientists face a common set of challenges. How do you ensure that forensic methods produce reliable results? How do you communicate findings to a jury or other nonexperts in a way that is accurate and understandable? How do you keep up with new technology without falling behind on casework? Meeting these and other challenges is critical to ensuring that forensic science remains a powerful force in support of justice and public safety. Forensic laboratory means a laboratory operated by the state or any unit of municipal, county, city or other local government that examines physical evidence in criminal matters and provides opinion testimony in a court of law in forensic disciplines accredited by ASCLD/LAB. The U.P. Police Commission 1970-71 recommended to merge the Chemical Examiner's Laboratory at Agra with the Forensic Science Laboratory at Lucknow and to establish three full-fledged Forensic Science Laboratories at Agra, Lucknow, and Varanasi. The following seven divisions were sanctioned in each of the laboratories at Lucknow:

  • Physics Division
  • Documents Division
  • Ballistics Division
  • Chemistry Division
  • Toxicology Division
  • Biology Division Forensic Chemistry Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene.[1] Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and instruments to help identify unknown substances. These include high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thin layer chromatography. The range of different methods is important due to the destructive nature of some instruments and the number of possible unknown substances that can be found at a scene. Forensic chemists prefer using nondestructive methods first, to preserve evidence and to determine which destructive methods will produce the best results. Along with other forensic specialists, forensic chemists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses regarding their findings. Forensic chemists follow a set of standards that have been proposed by various agencies and governing bodies, including the Scientific Working Group on the Analysis of Seized Drugs. In addition to the standard operating procedures proposed by the group, specific agencies have their own standards regarding the quality assurance and quality control of their results and their instruments. To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correctly and are still able to detect and measure various quantities of different substances Types of cases:
  • Illicit Liquor
  • Drugs
  • Burning

Classification of Liquors

Country Liquors means “all liquors” other than power alcohol, rectified spirits

and perfumed spirits. They also include ‘LAHAN’ a fermented wash and all fermented liquors prepared according to the indigenous processes and cannot be divided into-

  • Plain or spiced spirit made from materials recognized as base, namely mahua flower, rice, gur, or molasses.
  • Toddy- fermented and unfermented juice drawn from a variety of palm trees
  • All fermented alcoholic beverages obtained from fermented mash of cereals, fruits, molasses, potato, rice. The ethyl alcohol content in country spirit shall vary between 11.0 to 46 percent by volume.

Foreign Liquor means all liquors imparted into India, other than rectified spirit,

denatured spirit, perfumed spirits and drugs and alcoholic medicines. They include-

  • Beer and spirit, wine and liquor
  • Spirit made indigenously and sophisticated or colored so as to resemble in

color and flavor with liquor imported to India. Illicit Liquor

All liquors can be termed as illicit if:

I. They are not produced in authorized distillery under the supervision of excise staff. II. The duty on liquor has not been paid III. The liquors have been obtained in a prohibited zone IV. The constituents of the ingredient found in the liquor vary from those of the standard samples obtained from the distillery.

Determination of Alcoholic Contents:

Test for Methyl Alcohol I. Take 5 ml of sample to this add 2 ml of 3% potassium per magnate. II. Then add 0.3 ml of orthophosphoric acid. III. Wait for 10 minutes IV. Then add 1ml 10% oxalic acid V. To this add 1 ml H2SO VI. Lastly add 5ml Schiff reagent If bluish/ Purple color is obtained then methyl alcohol is present. Test for Ethyl Alcohol To the sample add small amount of potassium dichromate solution then add few drops of conc. H2S04. Green color indicates the presence of ethyl alcohol. Test for Acetone To the sample add sodium hydroxide and sodium nitroprusside B in ratio 1:1. Blood red color indicates the presence of acetone in the sample. Iodoform test for Acetaldehyde When Iodine and sodium hydroxide are added to a compound that contains either a methyl ketone or a secondary alcohol with a methyl group in the alpha position, a pale-yellow precipitate of iodoform or triiodomethane is formed. It can be used to identify aldehydes or ketones. If an aldehyde gives a positive iodoform test, then it must be acetaldehyde since it is the only aldehyde with a CH3C=O group. Test for Chloride in Liquor

Take a spatula of salt mixture and make a solution with water. To this solution, add aluminium chloride, AlCl3 and then add ammonium hydroxide till the solution is alkaline. A white gelatinous precipitate is observed which shows the presence of aluminium cation, Al3+.

  • Now, to this white gelatinous precipitate, hydrochloric acid is added. The above reaction gets reversed and aluminium chloride is formed which is soluble in water and a colourless solution is obtained. To detect the presence of Potassium ion A flame test is a way of checking for the presence of certain ions by the production of a particular colour of flame. The potassium salt will contain potassium plus ions. The addition of potassium salts to a roaring blue Bunsen flame will turn it a pale pink. To detect the presence of sulphate ion: Barium ions react with sulfate ions, SO 4 2- to form insoluble white barium sulfate: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) → BaSO 4 (s) To test for sulfate ions in solution:
    1. add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to the sample
    2. add a few drops of dilute barium chloride solution A white precipitate forms if sulfate ions are present. NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES (NDPS)

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, commonly referred to as the NDPS Act, is an Act of the Parliament of India that prohibits a person the production/manufacturing/cultivation, possession, sale, purchasing, transport, storage, and/or consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.

Narcotics

A substance used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are like opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium. They bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Narcotics are now called opioids.

Drug

A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue.

Psychotropic Substances

A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. Examples of psychotropic substances include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines. Many illegal drugs, such as heroin, LSD, cocaine, and amphetamines are also psychotropic substances. Also called psychoactive substance. Cannabis Herbal cannabis (marijuana) means all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa; but excludes the seeds and mature woody stalk material. The resin of the plant occurs mainly in the flowering area, the leaves and the stem, particularly at the top of the plant. The greatest amount of resin is found in the following part. Female plants are selected for illicit cannabis production. The leaves of cannabis sativa are compound and consist of 5 to 11 leaflets, each characteristically hair covered, veined and with serrated edges. Under microscope examination features

FAST BLUE B SALT TEST

Preparation of reagent:

  • Solid reagent : Dilute & mix Fast Blue B Salt with anhydrous Sodium Sulphate in the ratio of 1:
  • Solution 1 : Petroleum ether
  • Solution 2 : A 10% w/w aqueous solution of Sodium Bicarbonate Procedure: Two filter papers are folded to form fluted funnels and kept on each other. Small amount of suspected sample is placed into the corner of the upper funnel of the paper and added two drops of Solution 1. Allow the liquid to penetrate to the lower filter paper funnel. Discard the upper filter paper and dry the lower filter paper. Now add a very small amount of the solid Fast Blue B reagent to this lower paper and add two drops of Solution 2. A purple–red colored stain on the filter paper indicates the presence of cannabis product. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY This technique is used to isolate non volatile mixtures. The material used is aluminium oxide, cellulose or silica gel g. The sample is soaked in carbon tetrachloride. The extracted is fed in the tlc plate. Solvent medium is benzene andchloroform in ratio 7: 3. Spay reagent: Fast blue dye RF value is calculated to identify the substance.

a. Bhang:

Apprearence: Dried leaves, rounded in form(not flat) generally 0.2 to 0.5 long. Color: Characteristic hemp like

Resin content: 6 to 100 per cent. Ash content: 15 to 22 per cent

1. Microscopic Test

The suspected material is examined under microscope. In bhang, retrot shaped smooth, short, unicellular cystotithic hairs are observed.

BEAM’s ACID TEST:

The substance is extracted with petroleum ether. A few drops of absolute alcohol saturated with dry hydrochloric acid gas are added to petroleum ether solution. Red color is produced.

b. Ganja

Color: greenish brown Odour: characteristic hemp like Resine content: 12 to 25 per cent Ash content: 12 to 16 per cent

Beam's Alkaline Test

Extract of sample is soaked in petroleum ether or carbon tetrachloride and 4 drops of 5 % ethanolic caustic potash is added to it. After a few minutes slight violet colour develops which indicates the presence of ganja.

Beam’s Acid test

The substance is extracted with petroleum ether. A few drops of absolute alcohol saturated with dry hydrochloric acid gas are added to the petroleum ether solution. Red colour produced indicates the presence of ganja.

Negm’s Test:

LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD (from German Lysergsäurediethylamid) and known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug.

Morphine

Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also commonly used recreationally, or to make other illicit opioids. There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal; or via rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration.

Heroin

Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance derived from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant and is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical-grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brown powders sold illegally around the world as heroin are routinely diluted with cutting agents. Black tar heroin is a variable admixture of morphine derivatives— predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is the result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth or a heart attack, as well as in opioid replacement therapy.

Heroin Analysis

Marquis test for heroine

Reagent Preparation: Take 9.5ml conc. H2SO4 and add 0.5ml formaldehyde

Take a pinch of sample and add few drops of marquis reagent Violet purple color indicates the presence of heroine

Froehde's reagent

Reagent Preparation: Take 9.5ml conc. H2SO4 and add 0.5ml Sodium molybedate Test Take a pinch of sample and add few drops of froehde's reagent Purple or olive green color indicate the presence of heroine

Mecke's test

Reagent Preparation: Add Selenious acid 1.0gm and in 100 ml conc. H2SO Test Take a pinch of sample and add few drops of mecke's Reagent. Greenish color indicates the presence of heroine

Thin Layer Chromatography:

Heroin is soaked in chloroform. The extract is fed on the tlc plate. Solvent medium: Chloroform and acetone in ratio 8: Spray reagent: Dragon droff Reagent Preparation:

Cases of Burning

Types of Exhibits:

➢ Cloth ➢ Suspected petrol, diesel, kerosene ➢ Ash ➢ Mud etc Distillation A mixture of liquids is boiled using a burner/heater. During this process, different portions of the mixture boil at different temperatures. This ensures that the liquid of less boiling point boils over first and vaporizes and passes through the condenser. The condenser is an intricate design with a glass column over another glass column. The vapors of the first liquid while passing through the condenser is brought back to liquid, due to the cold water flowing through the outer column of the condenser. This brings back the liquid to its original liquid form. The same gets collected in a collection jar. By controlling the temperature of the burner, the output liquid can be varied and different components of the mixture can be separated. This technique is known as distillation / fractionation / fractional distillation depending on the application. This is used in distillation of fuel from crude oil. Analysis of petroleum products The following panel of tests are performed for petroleum products:

Density:

  • It can be estimated using a hydrometer, specific gravity bottles or by simple measurement techniques.
  • Hydrometer makes use of the principles of buoyancy. It uses a bulb filled with lead or mercury and is made to float in the test liquid. Based on its floatation, the calibrations on the hydrometer reads out the density

Color:

Color of a petroleum product is coded using dyes in countries like India. This is to prevent smuggling and adulteration of public distribution system fuel under the government subsidy schemes.

  • Petrol is dyes using an orange dye (Phenyl azo 2- naphthol)
  • Diesel is dyed using a yellow dye (Cresol yellow)
  • Kerosene is dyed using a blue dye (Di-alkyl amino anthraquinone)

Flashpoint:

Boiling point The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which its vapours ignite if given an ignition source. We know that fuel burns at low temperatures but flashpoint takes account of the vapors that are produced from volatile fuels. The temperature at which the vapors get ignited varies between different fuels. The estimation is done using a flashpoint apparatus

  • Flashpoint for petrol is <21C
  • Flashpoint for diesel is 35-40C
  • Flashpoint for kerosene is 37-65C

TLC:

  • Solvent System (Hexane: Toluene: Acetic Acid [ 50 : 50 : 2])
  • Petrol - Pink & Orange colour spots with Rf Value around 0.49 & 0.
  • Diesel – Violet spots with Rf value around 0.
  • Kerosene - Blue colour spots with Rf around 0.