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Variety of narcotics,drugs and psychotropic substance and how to identify them is briefly mentioned and some liquor test also...
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INTRODUCTION Forensic science is the use of scientific methods or expertise to investigate crimes or examine evidence that might be presented in a court of law. Forensic science comprises a diverse array of disciplines, from fingerprint and DNA analysis to anthropology and wildlife forensics. Though they represent varied disciplines, all forensic scientists face a common set of challenges. How do you ensure that forensic methods produce reliable results? How do you communicate findings to a jury or other nonexperts in a way that is accurate and understandable? How do you keep up with new technology without falling behind on casework? Meeting these and other challenges is critical to ensuring that forensic science remains a powerful force in support of justice and public safety. Forensic laboratory means a laboratory operated by the state or any unit of municipal, county, city or other local government that examines physical evidence in criminal matters and provides opinion testimony in a court of law in forensic disciplines accredited by ASCLD/LAB. The U.P. Police Commission 1970-71 recommended to merge the Chemical Examiner's Laboratory at Agra with the Forensic Science Laboratory at Lucknow and to establish three full-fledged Forensic Science Laboratories at Agra, Lucknow, and Varanasi. The following seven divisions were sanctioned in each of the laboratories at Lucknow:
Classification of Liquors
and perfumed spirits. They also include âLAHANâ a fermented wash and all fermented liquors prepared according to the indigenous processes and cannot be divided into-
denatured spirit, perfumed spirits and drugs and alcoholic medicines. They include-
All liquors can be termed as illicit if:
I. They are not produced in authorized distillery under the supervision of excise staff. II. The duty on liquor has not been paid III. The liquors have been obtained in a prohibited zone IV. The constituents of the ingredient found in the liquor vary from those of the standard samples obtained from the distillery.
Test for Methyl Alcohol I. Take 5 ml of sample to this add 2 ml of 3% potassium per magnate. II. Then add 0.3 ml of orthophosphoric acid. III. Wait for 10 minutes IV. Then add 1ml 10% oxalic acid V. To this add 1 ml H2SO VI. Lastly add 5ml Schiff reagent If bluish/ Purple color is obtained then methyl alcohol is present. Test for Ethyl Alcohol To the sample add small amount of potassium dichromate solution then add few drops of conc. H2S04. Green color indicates the presence of ethyl alcohol. Test for Acetone To the sample add sodium hydroxide and sodium nitroprusside B in ratio 1:1. Blood red color indicates the presence of acetone in the sample. Iodoform test for Acetaldehyde When Iodine and sodium hydroxide are added to a compound that contains either a methyl ketone or a secondary alcohol with a methyl group in the alpha position, a pale-yellow precipitate of iodoform or triiodomethane is formed. It can be used to identify aldehydes or ketones. If an aldehyde gives a positive iodoform test, then it must be acetaldehyde since it is the only aldehyde with a CH3C=O group. Test for Chloride in Liquor
Take a spatula of salt mixture and make a solution with water. To this solution, add aluminium chloride, AlCl3 and then add ammonium hydroxide till the solution is alkaline. A white gelatinous precipitate is observed which shows the presence of aluminium cation, Al3+.
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, commonly referred to as the NDPS Act, is an Act of the Parliament of India that prohibits a person the production/manufacturing/cultivation, possession, sale, purchasing, transport, storage, and/or consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
A substance used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are like opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium. They bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Narcotics are now called opioids.
A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue.
A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. Examples of psychotropic substances include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines. Many illegal drugs, such as heroin, LSD, cocaine, and amphetamines are also psychotropic substances. Also called psychoactive substance. Cannabis Herbal cannabis (marijuana) means all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa; but excludes the seeds and mature woody stalk material. The resin of the plant occurs mainly in the flowering area, the leaves and the stem, particularly at the top of the plant. The greatest amount of resin is found in the following part. Female plants are selected for illicit cannabis production. The leaves of cannabis sativa are compound and consist of 5 to 11 leaflets, each characteristically hair covered, veined and with serrated edges. Under microscope examination features
Preparation of reagent:
Apprearence: Dried leaves, rounded in form(not flat) generally 0.2 to 0.5 long. Color: Characteristic hemp like
Resin content: 6 to 100 per cent. Ash content: 15 to 22 per cent
The suspected material is examined under microscope. In bhang, retrot shaped smooth, short, unicellular cystotithic hairs are observed.
The substance is extracted with petroleum ether. A few drops of absolute alcohol saturated with dry hydrochloric acid gas are added to petroleum ether solution. Red color is produced.
Color: greenish brown Odour: characteristic hemp like Resine content: 12 to 25 per cent Ash content: 12 to 16 per cent
Extract of sample is soaked in petroleum ether or carbon tetrachloride and 4 drops of 5 % ethanolic caustic potash is added to it. After a few minutes slight violet colour develops which indicates the presence of ganja.
The substance is extracted with petroleum ether. A few drops of absolute alcohol saturated with dry hydrochloric acid gas are added to the petroleum ether solution. Red colour produced indicates the presence of ganja.
LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD (from German Lysergsäurediethylamid) and known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug.
Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as a pain medication, and is also commonly used recreationally, or to make other illicit opioids. There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal; or via rectal suppository. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration.
Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance derived from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant and is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical-grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brown powders sold illegally around the world as heroin are routinely diluted with cutting agents. Black tar heroin is a variable admixture of morphine derivativesâ predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is the result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth or a heart attack, as well as in opioid replacement therapy.
Reagent Preparation: Take 9.5ml conc. H2SO4 and add 0.5ml formaldehyde
Take a pinch of sample and add few drops of marquis reagent Violet purple color indicates the presence of heroine
Reagent Preparation: Take 9.5ml conc. H2SO4 and add 0.5ml Sodium molybedate Test Take a pinch of sample and add few drops of froehde's reagent Purple or olive green color indicate the presence of heroine
Reagent Preparation: Add Selenious acid 1.0gm and in 100 ml conc. H2SO Test Take a pinch of sample and add few drops of mecke's Reagent. Greenish color indicates the presence of heroine
Heroin is soaked in chloroform. The extract is fed on the tlc plate. Solvent medium: Chloroform and acetone in ratio 8: Spray reagent: Dragon droff Reagent Preparation:
Cases of Burning
⢠Cloth ⢠Suspected petrol, diesel, kerosene ⢠Ash ⢠Mud etc Distillation A mixture of liquids is boiled using a burner/heater. During this process, different portions of the mixture boil at different temperatures. This ensures that the liquid of less boiling point boils over first and vaporizes and passes through the condenser. The condenser is an intricate design with a glass column over another glass column. The vapors of the first liquid while passing through the condenser is brought back to liquid, due to the cold water flowing through the outer column of the condenser. This brings back the liquid to its original liquid form. The same gets collected in a collection jar. By controlling the temperature of the burner, the output liquid can be varied and different components of the mixture can be separated. This technique is known as distillation / fractionation / fractional distillation depending on the application. This is used in distillation of fuel from crude oil. Analysis of petroleum products The following panel of tests are performed for petroleum products:
Color of a petroleum product is coded using dyes in countries like India. This is to prevent smuggling and adulteration of public distribution system fuel under the government subsidy schemes.
Boiling point The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which its vapours ignite if given an ignition source. We know that fuel burns at low temperatures but flashpoint takes account of the vapors that are produced from volatile fuels. The temperature at which the vapors get ignited varies between different fuels. The estimation is done using a flashpoint apparatus
