He
r
man
h
y
po
t
he
s
i
z
e
s
t
he
decline
of
memo
ry
r
e
t
en
t
ion
in
t
ime
.
Thi
s
c
urv
e
s
ho
ws
ho
w
info
r
ma
t
ion
i
s
lo
st
o
v
e
r
t
ime
w
hen
t
he
r
e
i
s
no
a
tt
emp
t
t
o
r
e
t
ain
i
t
.
Ebbingha
us
t
e
st
ed
hi
s
memo
ry
b
y
r
elea
r
ning
t
he
s
ame
li
st
. .
HERMAN
EBBINGHAUS
(1885)
-
Con
tr
ib
ut
ion
-
Donde
rs
E
x
pe
r
imen
t
Donde
rs
w
a
s
mo
st
in
t
e
r
e
st
ed
in
ho
w
long
i
t
t
ook
fo
r
indi
v
id
u
al
s
t
o
decide
and
he
mea
sur
ed
t
hi
s
b
y
pa
y
ing
a
tt
en
t
ion
t
o
ho
w
long
t
hei
r
r
eac
t
ion
t
ime
w
a
s
.
He
us
ed
s
ome
t
hing
called
a
s
imple
r
eac
t
ion
t
ime
t
a
s
k
w
he
r
e
he
had
indi
v
id
u
al
s
p
r
e
ss
a
b
utt
on
w
hen
a
ligh
t
w
a
s
ill
u
mina
t
ed
.
FRANCISCUS
DONDER (1868)
h i s t o r i c a l t i m e l i n e
B a s i c c o g n i t i v e p s y c h o l o g y
B
ru
ne
r
p
u
bli
s
hed
hi
s
stu
d
y
Val
u
e
and
Need
a
s
O
r
gani
z
ing
Fac
t
o
rs
in
Pe
r
cep
t
ion
,
in
w
hich
p
r
i
v
ileged
and
u
nde
r
p
r
i
v
ileged
u
pb
r
inging
s
w
e
r
e
a
s
ked
t
o
e
st
ima
t
e
t
he
s
i
z
e
of
coin
s
o
r
w
ooden
di
s
k
s
t
he
s
i
z
e
of
Ame
r
ican
pennie
s
,
nickel
s
,
dime
s
,
q
u
a
rt
e
rs
and
half
-
dolla
rs
.
JEROME
BRUNER
(1949)
Hi
s
w
o
r
k
r
e
v
eal
s
t
ha
t
t
he
abili
ty
t
o
s
epa
r
a
t
e
s
o
u
nd
s
f
r
om
backg
r
o
u
nd
noi
s
e
i
s
affec
t
ed
b
y
man
y
v
a
r
iable
s
,
su
ch
a
s
t
he
s
e
x
of
t
he
s
peake
r
,
t
he
di
r
ec
t
ion
f
r
om
w
hich
t
he
s
o
u
nd
i
s
coming
,
t
he
pi
t
ch
,
and
t
he
r
a
t
e
of
s
peech
.
COLLIN
CHERRY
(1953)
I
t
w
a
s
r
eali
z
ed
t
ha
t
s
ome
v
e
r
bal
beha
v
io
r
,
su
ch
a
s
nega
t
i
v
e
s
en
t
ence
s
,
i
s
no
t
picked
u
p
b
y
condi
t
ioning
like
man
y
belie
v
ed
and
i
s
ac
tu
all
y
mo
r
e
of
a
biological
p
r
og
r
am
w
hich
effec
ts
o
ur
men
t
al
ling
u
i
st
ic
abili
t
ie
s
.
NOAM
CHOMSKY
(1959)
Cla
r
k
ha
s
in
v
e
st
iga
t
ed
t
he
cogni
t
i
v
e
and
s
ocial
p
r
oce
ss
e
s
in
lang
u
age
us
e
.
He
i
s
e
s
peciall
y
in
t
e
r
e
st
ed
in
t
he
in
t
e
r
ac
t
i
v
e
p
r
oce
ss
e
s
of
con
v
e
rs
a
t
ion
,
w
hich
r
ange
f
r
om
lo
w
-
le
v
el
di
s
fl
u
encie
s
t
h
r
o
u
gh
ac
ts
of
s
peaking
and
u
nde
rst
anding
t
o
t
he
eme
r
gence
of
di
s
co
urs
e
.
HERBERT H
CLARK
(1969)
Baddele
y
c
r
ea
t
ed
an
infl
u
en
t
ial
model
of
w
o
r
king
memo
ry
called
Baddele
y
'
s
model
of
w
o
r
king
memo
ry
,
w
hich
claim
s
fo
r
t
he
p
r
e
s
ence
of
m
u
l
t
iple
s
ho
rt
-
t
e
r
m
memo
ry
st
o
r
e
s
and
a
s
epa
r
a
t
e
in
t
e
r
ac
t
ing
syst
em
fo
r
con
tr
olling
t
he
con
t
en
t
of
t
he
s
e
st
o
r
e
s
ALAN
BADDELEY
(1974)
Eli
z
abe
t
h
Ba
t
e
s
de
v
eloped
a
model
of
lang
u
age
p
r
oce
ss
ing
called
t
he
compe
t
i
t
ion
model
,
w
hich
v
ie
ws
lang
u
age
acq
u
i
s
i
t
ion
a
s
an
eme
r
gen
t
i
st
phenomenon
t
ha
t
r
e
su
l
ts
f
r
om
compe
t
i
t
ion
be
tw
een
le
x
ical
i
t
em
s
,
phonological
fo
r
m
s
,
and
sy
n
t
ac
t
ic
pa
tt
e
r
n
s
,
acco
u
n
t
ing
fo
r
lang
u
age
p
r
oce
ss
ing
on
t
he
sy
nch
r
onic
,
on
t
ogene
t
ic
,
and
ph
y
logene
t
ic
t
ime
s
cale
s
.
ELIZABETH
BATES
(1982)
- By Jay Pandit
A70240720023
BSc CP B - III
R e f e r e n c e s :
G o l d s t e i n ( 20 1 1 ) , T h i r d E d i t i o n - C o g n i t i v e
P s y c h o l o g y , f r o m : h t t p s : / / b i t. l y / 3 C x H L I K
