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TOPIC 6. SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
The skeleton of vertebrates provides support for the entire body, more or less rigid places for the attachment of muscles, and protection for some of the vital organs. Joints _ or articulations are present in two main kinds: immovable joints, as in the skull, and movable ones, as in the limbs. The skeleton plus the musculature provides the basic form of the animal's body which results in animals of grace and beauty, attrac tive to nearly all persons.
The skeleton has important seasonal functions as it is a storage reservoir for animals for mobilization during periods of rapid antler growth- Skeletal remains are also useful for determining mortality of sex and age groups.
UNIT 6.1: THE SKELETON AS SUPPORT
One of the main functions of the skeleton is body support, which is attained as a result of the rigidity of the bones and the muscle tone and contractions that result in various postures. Skeletal support charcterist- ics are of importance when evaluating details of locomotion, and the an- atomical characteristics that affect relationships between animal and range, such as the effects of snow and forage distributions and availability. Sup- port functions themselves are not analyzed further in this UNIT; anatomical measurements were discussed in CHAPTER 1, and the effects of range con- ditions on animals in CHAPTER 17.
REFERENCES, UNIT 6.
THE SKELETON AS SUPPORT
SERIALS
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
CATRB 12--4 323 330 cerv cyclic bone remodeling dee hillman,jr; davi/ 1973
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
JOMAA 50--2 302 310 odvi alaI, stuctur adapta, snow kelsall,jp 1969
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
CJZOA 41--4 629 636 odhe age determ, ossif, long bo lewall,ef; cowan, 1963
CAFGA 41--4 327 CAFGA 42--1 15
JOMAA 45--2 226
346 odhe dosh, dogo, skeletal diffe hildebrand,m 21 odhe odvi, pelv girdl, reI, sex taber,rd
235 odhe rang-reI gro dif, sk ratio klein,dr
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
JOMAA 37--1 129 129 ceel healing, fractured leg bon gilbert,pf; hill, 1956
JWMAA 30--2 369 374 ceel bone char assoc with aging gilbert,pf; hill, 1956
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
JOMAA 50--2 302 310 alaI odvi,structur adapta, snow kelsall,jp 1969
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS--~-------------- AUTHORS----~----- YEAR
ATICA 19--2 111 113 rata functio brow tine, caribou pruitt,wo 1967
UABPA 18--- 1 41 rata mechanics, energy, crateri thing,h 1977
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
anam
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
bibi
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
ovca
Chapter 6,- Page 86
UNIT 6.2: THE SKELETON AS A STORAGE RESERVOIR
The skeleton serves as an important storage reservoir of nutrients that can be mobilized when nutrient intake is not sufficient to meet current metabolic demands. Two particularly good examples of this situation are at the time of antler growth and when energy demands are higher than metaboliz- able energy intake in the diet.
Minerals. The accumulation of minerals in the skeletal system for mobilization during antler growth is probably necessary for such rapid rates to be possible. Phosphorous and calcium are mobilized from the ribs and long bones for deposition in the antlers of white-tailed deer and this basic physiological process is very likely characteristic of all of the ruminants that shed their antlers each year.
Marrow. Bone tissue is very much alive and active» though the calcified tissue is rigid and often encloses more active» spongy tissue. The marrow inside of the shafts of the long bones contains blood at all times» and a rather high fat content when range conditioNs are good enough to result in a positive energy balance by the animal. The fat contents of the femur is often used as an indica tor of the physical condi tion of an animal» and its stability permits one to estimate the season of death when dead animals are found in the spring. Animals not found during the hunt can be distinguished from those that died as a result of poor nutrition in the winter.
REFERENCES» UNIT 6.
THE SKELETON AS A STORAGE RESERVOIR
SERIALS
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
JOMAA 31--2 5 17 odvi weight relations, georg re hamerstrom»fm,jr/ 1950
JWMAA 9---4 319 322 odvi symptoms of malnutrition harris»d 1945
JWMAA 29--2 397 398 odvi kidney» marrow fat» condit ransom»ab 1965
NFGJA 21--1 67 72 odvi physical condition of whit monson»ra; stone/ 1974
NYCOA 3---5 19 22 odvi bone marrw index of malnut cheatum»el 1949
PCGFA 26--- 57 68 odvi^ var^ fat^ levI»^ mandib^ cavit^ nichols»rg;^ pelt^1972
PSEBA 129-- 733 737 odvi calcium strontium age antI cowan,rl; hart so/ 1968
CODEN VO-NUBEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
JANSA 33--1 309 309 anam carbonyl analysis of fat booren,a; field, I 1971
JDSCA 38--- 1344 1344 anam major chemi compos, bovine reid,jt; wellinl 1955
JOMAA 56--3 583 589 anam seas tren in fat lev, colo bear,gd 1971
WAEBA 575-- 1 6 anam pronghorn antelope carcass fie1d,ra; smith,! 1972
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA AN1M KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
JOMAA 26--2 305 308 bibi the lipids in bison bison wi1bur,dg; gorski 1955
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA AN 1M KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
ovca
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA AN1M KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
CBCPA 50b-4 599 601 ovda fatty acid comp bone marrw west,gc; shaw,d1 1975
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA AN1M KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
obmo
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA AN1M KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
oram
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA ANIM KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
CJZOA 49--8 1159 1162 many comp, adipose tiss trig1yc garton,ga; dun cal 1971
CODEN VO-NU BEPA ENPA AN1M KEY WORDS----------------- AUTHORS---------- YEAR
ATRLA 18-11 209 222 caca drssng %, body comp, calor weiner,j 1973
