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3 TYPES OF
AMPUTATION
1. cut2. crush3. avulsion
TERM 2
5 Functions of the skeletal system
DEFINITION 2
1. support2. protection3. mobility4. metabolic5.
hematopiesis
TERM 3
5 Bone shapes
DEFINITION 3
1. long2. short3. flat4. irregular5. sesamoid
TERM 4
Tendons
DEFINITION 4
connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
TERM 5
Cartilage
DEFINITION 5
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue joints between bones,
the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and the
intervertebral discs.
Ligament
In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous tissue that connects
bones to other bones
TERM 7
Periosteum
DEFINITION 7
outer membrane of bone with blood vessels
TERM 8
Diaphysis
DEFINITION 8
The diaphysis is the main or midsection (shaft) of a long
bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains
bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat).
TERM 9
Epiphysis
DEFINITION 9
The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint
with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis
(the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis,
including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate).
TERM 10
Medullary Canal
DEFINITION 10
The medullary cavity is the central cavity of bone shafts
where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose
tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as
the marrow cavity.
reasons for hypotension from open pelvic
fracture
pelvis has a rich blood supply, frequently injured vessels
includes the external and internal iliacs, common femoral,
iliolumbar, lateral sacral, internal,
TERM 17
when does a trauma surgeon have to be
available in a level 1 trauma center
DEFINITION 17
immediate response
TERM 18
When does a neurosurgeon have to be
available for a Level 1 trauma center
DEFINITION 18
with in 60 minutes with a fully staffed OF
TERM 19
What physicians can be on call and arrive
within 30 minutes to a trauma if needed for a
Level 1 trauma center
DEFINITION 19
1. cardithoracic surgeon2 OB3. Pediatric surgery or by
transfer agreement
TERM 20
Physicians on-call and can arrive within 60
minutes of notification for a Level 1 trauma
center
DEFINITION 20
-orthopedic-vascular-ophthalmic-Oral-Dental-
otorhinolaryngologic-plastic/maxillofacial-urologic-
reimplantations services or a transfer agreement-
neurosurgery
How many trauma nurses on shift at a time
One TNS per shift with a back up planof a nurse with 4 hours
or more of trauma trainingOr 2 TNS with a back up plan
TERM 22
When do surgeons need to be at the patient
after called for a level 2 trauma center
DEFINITION 22
within 60 minutes
TERM 23
what is the time frame a patient must be
determined to be level 1 or 2 after arrival to
the trauma center
DEFINITION 23
within 10 minutes
TERM 24
Criteria for category 1 patient's
DEFINITION 24
1. blunt or penetrating trauma with unstable vital signs and or2.
hemodynamic compromise as evidenced by:-BP< or = 90 systolic (peds
BP 80)-respiratory compromise as evidenced by RR <10 or > 29- altered
mentation as evidenced by GCS < or = 103. Anatomical injury:
penetrating injury of head, neck, torso, grointwo or more body regions
with potential life or limb threatscombination of traumas with >= 20%
burn, amputation above the ankle, limb paralysis and/or sensory deficit
above the wrist and ankle, flail chest, two or more proximal long bone
fractures 4. any pt based on the ED physicians direction
TERM 25
Criteria for category 2 trauma patient's
DEFINITION 25
1. mechanism of injurya. ejection from a motor vehicleb.
death in same passenger compartmentc. falls >20 feet (peds
three times body length of child)d. pregnancy >= 24 weeks
Radial Pulse = what is the blood pressure
SBP =
TERM 32
What is the best indicator of central perfusion
DEFINITION 32
Level of consciousness
TERM 33
what are the H's for PEA
DEFINITION 33
hypoxemiahypothermiahypovolemiahypovolemiahypo/hyperkale
ion (acisosis)hypoglycemia
TERM 34
What are the T's for
PEA
DEFINITION 34
toxinsthrombosistamponadetraumatension pneumothorax
TERM 35
Cardiogenic Shock
DEFINITION 35
Cardiogenic shock is based upon an inadequate circulation of
blood due to primary failure of the ventricles of the heart to
function effectively.it is pump failure (may occur secondary
to any form of shock)
Hemorrhagic shock
loss of whole blood
TERM 37
Hypovolemic
DEFINITION 37
loss of plasma only, eg, burns
TERM 38
Neurogenic Shock
DEFINITION 38
Massive vasodilation due to loss of SNS below level of injury
in high spinal cord injury
TERM 39
massive hemothorax = how many ml
DEFINITION 39
1500 ml or greater
TERM 40
commotio cordis
DEFINITION 40
Commotio cordis is an often lethal disruption of heart rhythm
that occurs as a result of a blow to the area directly over the
heart (the precordial region), at a critical time during the
cycle of a heart beat causing cardiac arrest.
anaerobic process
body shunts blood to the vital organs causes vasodialation,
capillary washout, hypoxia, hypotension and organ failure
TERM 47
These two substances accumulate to create
acidosis
DEFINITION 47
lactic acid and CO
TERM 48
Explain shift to the right
DEFINITION 48
cell gives up oxygen with rapid respirations to create alkaline
TERM 49
How many moles of ATP with anaerobic
metabolism
DEFINITION 49
2 moles of ATP
TERM 50
What is transcapularyrefill
DEFINITION 50
as increased osmotic pressure gradient in the vessels causes
water to move from the interstitial compartment to the
intravascular space.
Capillary washout
tissue acidosis causes relaxation of post-capillary sphincters,
releasing lactic acid, carbon dioxide and columns of
coagulation red blood cells into the venous circulations.
TERM 52
Vascular Phase (clotting process)
DEFINITION 52
during this phase of the clotting process the blood vessel
smooth muscle contract, reducing the diameter of the vessel
lumen
TERM 53
What are the risk factors for DIC, ARDS, or
SIRS
DEFINITION 53
Transfusion of multiple units of bloodadministration of
cryoprecipitateshockpancreatitisburnsaspirationeclampsia
TERM 54
Schwan ganze Cathater
DEFINITION 54
determines function of the left heart
TERM 55
Central Venous catheters
DEFINITION 55
right pulmonary vessel
Most common Mechanism of injury for elderly
MVA
TERM 62
What are three increased risks for elderly
patients
DEFINITION 62
hypothermia hypotensioninfection
TERM 63
immediate life-threats to be found during the
"B" phase
DEFINITION 63
tension pneumothoraxopen pneumothoraxflail chest
TERM 64
landmark for needle decompression
DEFINITION 64
2nd - 3rd intercostal space at the midclavicular lin on the
injured side
TERM 65
preferred placement for chest tube
DEFINITION 65
between 4th and 5th intercostal space in the triangle of
saftey between the mid axillary and anterior axillary line.
mechanism of death with an open
pneumothorax
impaired gas exchange and hypoxiema
TERM 67
what is the immediate resuscitative
intervention for and open pneumothorax
DEFINITION 67
cover with a gloved hand and place a bioclusive dressing
over it. Dressing should be 3 to 4 times the defect. place on
oxygen give pain medication
TERM 68
what is the potential life threat that is created
when treating an open pneumothorax
DEFINITION 68
tension pneumothorax
TERM 69
3 clinical signs of progressive fatigue and
deterioration that should prompt incubation
and mechanical ventilation in the patient with
a flail chest
DEFINITION 69
respiratory rate fo >35 or < 8 bpmPaO2 <60mmHg @ FiO
>50%PaCo2 or ETCO > 50 mmHg @ FiO2> 50%vital
capacity < 15 ml/kg
TERM 70
most common cause of periodical
tamponade
DEFINITION 70
penetrating trauma
management for pericardial tamponade
pericardiocentsis is temporary thoracotomy is needed
TERM 77
5 indication sfor urgent exploratory
thoracotomy in the presence of a massive
hemothorax
DEFINITION 77
>1500ml of blood is evacuated after initial chest tube
insertion>200 ml/hour of blood is drained for 2 to 4
hourspenitration anterior chest wound medical to the nipple
line and posterior wounds medial to the
scapulahemodynamic instability evidenced by b/p <
despite aggresive blood volume resusitation
TERM 78
injuries associated with fractures of 1st and
2nd ribs
DEFINITION 78
neck and great vessel injury
TERM 79
simple pneumothorax from blunt chest
trauma
DEFINITION 79
loss of pleural integrity allows air into plural space resulting in
partial to total collapse of the lung on the affected side due to its
natural elastic recoil. Collection of air, fluid, or blood in the pleural
space can also cause the plura pressure to become positive
causing inappropriate ventilation. Loss of negative pressure causes
the collapse
TERM 80
what is the mechanism of injury and site of
the injury for blunt injury to the aorta? (BAI)
DEFINITION 80
shearing forcescompression of the aorta great vessel
interalumal HTN, stress on teh ligimentus arterousm
Neck zone 1
base line of the neck from the clavicles to the cricoid
cartilage
TERM 82
Neck zone 2
DEFINITION 82
area between cricoid cartilage to teh inferior border of the
mandible
TERM 83
Neck zone 3
DEFINITION 83
the inferior boarder of the mandible to the base of the skull
TERM 84
List hard signs of penetrating neck injury
DEFINITION 84
(you can see/hear these signs)activebleeding, large
expanding hematoma, distal ischemia and /or bruitt/thrill
TERM 85
List soft signs of penetrating neck injury
DEFINITION 85
shock responding to fluid resuscitation, a small hematoma,
associated nerver injuries, dyspena, subcutaneous
emphysemia, hoarseness, dysphagia
Crhonotropic effect
increases heart rate
TERM 92
What electrolyte is responsible for
depolization fo the electrical conduction
system
DEFINITION 92
sodium
TERM 93
which electrolyte is responsible for ventricular
depolarization
DEFINITION 93
calcium
TERM 94
which electrolyte is responsible for ventricular
repolarization
DEFINITION 94
potassium increased potassium = decreased heart
ratedecreased potassium = irritability
TERM 95
ECG wave that represents atrial
depolarization
DEFINITION 95
P wave
the interval that represents from the
beginning of the atrial depolarization though
the beginning of ventricular depolarization
PR interval
TERM 97
3 effects alcohol abuse may have on
myocardium
DEFINITION 97
cardio myopathyflacid muscle tone
TERM 98
sarcomere
DEFINITION 98
contractile unit of the heart elements bridge and slide
together to cause fiber shorting (sliding theory)
TERM 99
what two major filaments must cross bridge
to cause a cardiac contraction
DEFINITION 99
actin: two filaments -groovemyosin: one thick filament-
bridge (ball attached)
TERM 100
myosin
DEFINITION 100
Myosins comprise a family of ATP-dependent motor proteins
and are best known for their role in muscle contraction and
their involvement in a wide range of other eukaryotic motility
processes.
