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Sample CR SET Passage 1. (Human-Rights/Geopolitics) Many people may be tempted to view the World Bank’s recent announcement that it will freeze new loans to Uganda because of the country’s vicious anti-LGBTIQ+ law as a harbinger of the Bank taking a more progressive approach to human rights issues. While the announcement is welcome, based on my many years studying the Bank and on my research for my forthcoming book, The Law of the International Financial Institutions, I think there are good reasons to be cautious about its significance. The World Bank, which has been operating for over 75 years, has 189 member states as shareholders. It funds development projects and programmes in member states that have annual per capita incomes below about US$12,535. The member states elect a Board of Executive Directors that oversees the Bank’s operations and approves all its loans. The Bank’s Articles of Agreement stipulate that it cannot base its decisions on political grounds. The articles state that the Bank “shall not interfere in the political affairs” of its member states. Nor should its decisions be influenced by the “political character” of these states. Moreover, the Bank is instructed that it should only pay attention “to considerations of economy and efficiency”. And that it should not be affected by “political or other non-economic influences or considerations.” The articles don’t define these key terms. They also don’t identify the criteria the Bank should consider when deciding if a particular issue should be excluded from consideration because it is “political” rather than “economic”. This means that this decision is within the exclusive discretion of the Bank’s decision makers. The Articles were drafted and agreed in 1944. At the time, the division of responsibilities between those who made the “political” decisions and those who made the “economic” ones seemed relatively clear. It was assumed that each Bank member state, as an exercise of its sovereignty, would decide for itself how to deal with the social, environmental, and cultural impacts and consequences of the particular transaction for which it was seeking the Bank’s support. The Bank, on the other hand, would take the state’s decisions on these issues as given. It would merely consider if the particular loan request was technically sound and economically and financially feasible. This division of responsibility, of course, was unrealistic. The Bank’s Board of Executive Directors must approve each loan. They represent its member states. It is inevitable that officials elected or appointed by – and ultimately accountable to states – will pay close attention to the political implications of their decisions. And that these considerations may trump the technical merits of the transaction. Thus, inevitably, political considerations, including human rights, have always been, at least implicitly, a factor in Bank operations. https://theconversation.com/world-bank-freezes-loans-to-uganda-because-of-anti-gay-laws-but-it-doesnt-mean- its-becoming-a-human-rights-watchdog- Question 1: The author most likely agrees with which of the following statements? a) The World Bank has historically been rigid in adhering to its Articles of Agreement. b) The separation between economic and political considerations is always clear-cut. c) It is unrealistic to expect the World Bank to only focus on the economic feasibility of loan requests. d) The World Bank has a concrete definition for what constitutes "political" issues. Correct Answer: c) It is unrealistic to expect the World Bank to only focus on the economic feasibility of loan requests. Reference Lines: "This division of responsibility, of course, was unrealistic."
Option a: The article highlights the ambiguous nature of the Articles of Agreement. It indicates that the ambiguity leads to potential overlaps between political and economic considerations. The rigidity or flexibility of the Bank's adherence to the Articles isn't the focus. Hence, Option (a) is not the correct answer. Option b: The text clearly argues against a strict demarcation. The initial division of responsibilities between political and economic considerations, assumed in 1944, is characterized as unrealistic. Hence, Option (b) is not the correct answer. Option c: The author specifically points out the unrealistic nature of the World Bank's initial division of responsibilities, wherein it would only consider the economic merits of a transaction without any political influence. Hence, Option (c) is the correct answer. Option d: The passage mentions that the articles do not define the terms, indicating a lack of concrete definitions. Hence, Option (d) is not the correct answer. Question 2: Which of the following is an underlying assumption behind the author’s perspective about the World Bank's decisions? a) Economic considerations can sometimes mask underlying political motivations. b) The World Bank's guidelines and Articles of Agreement are always strictly adhered to. c) An institution's founding principles always remain relevant throughout its existence. d) Decisions related to human rights may blur the line between economic and political considerations. Correct Answer: d) Decisions related to human rights may blur the line between economic and political considerations. Reference Lines: "Thus, inevitably, political considerations, including human rights, have always been, at least implicitly, a factor in Bank operations." Option a: The passage suggests an intersection between political and economic considerations. However, it doesn't specifically state that economic reasons are a cover for political motivations. This interpretation, while plausible, takes an additional leap from what is directly stated. Hence, Option (a) is not the correct answer. Option b: The World Bank's Articles of Agreement, as mentioned in the passage, possess certain ambiguities. The passage highlights these ambiguities rather than stating that the guidelines and articles are always adhered to. Hence, Option (b) is not the correct answer. Option c: The passage discusses the original division of responsibilities based on the Articles drafted in 1944, but it doesn't make a claim about the enduring relevance of founding principles. Instead, it points out the inherent unrealistic nature of the division. Hence, Option (c) is not the correct answer. Option d: The intersection of political considerations, inclusive of human rights, in the World Bank's operations is a primary focus of the passage. The author emphasizes the implicit influence of these considerations in the Bank’s operations, suggesting that clear lines between economic and political decisions can often blur. Hence, Option (d) is the correct answer. Question 3: Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument that the World Bank can truly avoid political considerations in its decisions? a) A study reveals that countries with strong political ties to major World Bank shareholders receive loans more frequently. b) The World Bank’s internal evaluations always prioritize economic metrics over any other concerns. c) There is an established protocol in the World Bank to separate political and economic discussions during decision-making meetings. d) The World Bank often collaborates with other financial institutions with a strict economic focus. Correct Answer: a) A study reveals that countries with strong political ties to major World Bank shareholders receive loans more frequently. Reference Lines: "Thus, inevitably, political considerations, including human rights, have always been, at least implicitly, a factor in Bank operations." Option a: Favoring countries with strong political ties would imply that there's a political underpinning to the Bank’s decisions. Such a revelation will contradicts the ideal of the World Bank being free from political biases and making decisions based solely on economic factors. Hence, Option (a) is the correct answer. Option b: Even if the Bank’s evaluations are primarily based on economic factors, it doesn't negate the underlying and implicit political considerations that the passage suggests might influence decisions.
Passage 2. Abstract/Environment Charles Darwin is best known for his work on the theory of evolution, particularly as laid out in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. But he was also a prodigious and wide-ranging naturalist, with a particular interest in geology, botany and zoology. Among his lesser-known works are a series of monographs on barnacles, and books on the formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms, and on the structure and distribution of coral reefs. These might seem like disparate subjects, but they are all connected by a common thread: the idea of co-evolution, or the mutual influence of organisms on one another and on their environment. Darwin’s work on corals, in particular, is a masterclass in the application of the scientific method. He began by observing the distribution of coral reefs around the world, and noting that they tended to form in shallow, warm waters. He also observed that the reefs were composed of a vast number of individual polyps, each of which secreted a hard, calcium carbonate skeleton. Over time, as the polyps died and new ones grew on top of them, the reef would grow upwards and outwards, forming a complex, three-dimensional structure. But Darwin also noticed something puzzling. Many of the reefs he studied were located in areas where the sea floor was slowly sinking. This raised the question: how could the reefs keep growing upwards if the sea floor was sinking beneath them? Darwin’s answer was that the polyps were able to grow faster than the sea floor was sinking, and so the reef was able to keep pace with the changing environment. This insight was revolutionary. It suggested that organisms were not just passive recipients of environmental change, but active participants in shaping their own destinies. The idea of co-evolution was born. Darwin’s work on worms was similarly groundbreaking. He observed that worms played a crucial role in breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients in the soil. By burrowing through the ground, they also helped to aerate the soil and improve its structure. This, in turn, benefited plants, which relied on the worms to provide them with the nutrients they needed to grow. Again, the idea of co-evolution was at play: the worms and the plants were mutually dependent on one another, and had evolved together over millions of years to form a symbiotic relationship. The concept of co-evolution is now central to our understanding of the natural world. It helps to explain why certain species are found together in particular habitats, and why they have evolved the way they have. It also underscores the importance of preserving biodiversity, as the loss of one species can have a ripple effect on many others. Darwin’s work on corals and worms might seem obscure, but it has had a profound impact on the way we think about the natural world. https://aeon.co/essays/the-insight-of-darwins-work-on-corals-worms-and-co-evolution
- The author most likely agrees with which of the following statements? a) Darwin's contributions to the scientific community were limited to his work on the theory of evolution. b) The concept of co-evolution suggests that organisms play an active role in determining their evolutionary path. c) The mutual dependence of worms and plants is a mere coincidence without evolutionary implications. d) Coral reefs predominantly form in deep, cold waters. Correct Answer: b) The concept of co-evolution suggests that organisms play an active role in determining their evolutionary path. Reference Lines: "This insight was revolutionary... The idea of co-evolution was born." Explanation: a) Darwin's contributions to the scientific community were limited to his work on the theory of evolution. Darwin's work is celebrated primarily for his contributions to the theory of evolution, as described in "On the Origin of Species." However, the passage also highlights his significant contributions in other areas like geology, botany, and zoology. His studies on barnacles, worms, and coral reefs emphasize his broad and diverse interests in the natural world. These weren't just minor pursuits; they provided substantial insights
Correct Answer: a) A recent study demonstrating that coral polyps secrete calcium carbonate more efficiently in warmer water temperatures. Reference Lines: "He began by observing the distribution of coral reefs around the world, and noting that they tended to form in shallow, warm waters." Option a: A study showing that polyps secrete their skeleton more efficiently in warmer temperatures would provide direct support to Darwin's observation, emphasizing why coral reefs tend to form specifically in warm waters. This would bolster the argument that the environment (shallow, warm waters) plays a critical role in the growth of coral reefs. Hence, Option (a) is the correct answer. Option b: While this option provides historical information about the existence of coral reefs, it does not particularly strengthen the specific observation Darwin made about their growth in shallow, warm waters. Hence, Option (b) is not the correct answer. Option c: A map detailing coral reefs' distribution could provide some support to Darwin's observation. However, without specific information linking these tropical regions to shallow, warm waters, the map doesn't directly strengthen Darwin's argument as effectively as Option (a). Hence, Option (c) is not the correct answer. Option d: The presence of different species on coral reefs may showcase the biodiversity of these ecosystems, but it doesn't specifically reinforce Darwin's observation about the growth conditions of the reefs. Hence, Option (d) is not the correct answer.
- Which of the following scenarios mirrors the relationship between worms and plants as described in the passage? a) Bees pollinating flowers which in turn provide them with nectar. b) Lions hunting gazelles for sustenance. c) Fish swimming around coral reefs without interacting with them. d) Birds building nests on trees but not affecting their growth. Correct Answer: a) Bees pollinating flowers which in turn provide them with nectar. Reference Lines: "He observed that worms played a crucial role... to form a symbiotic relationship." Explanation: Option a: Bees and flowers have a mutually beneficial relationship. Bees play an essential role in pollinating flowers, facilitating their reproduction. In turn, flowers provide bees with nectar, their primary food source. This interdependence mirrors the symbiotic relationship between worms and plants, where both species derive benefits. Just as worms improve soil conditions for plants and plants, in turn, provide organic matter for worms, bees and flowers co-evolve for mutual advantage. Hence, Option (a) is the correct answer. Option b: The relationship between lions and gazelles represents a typical predator-prey dynamic. While lions depend on gazelles for food, gazelles receive no direct benefit from this relationship, contrasting with the mutual benefits seen between worms and plants. Hence, Option (b) is not the correct answer. Option c: Fish swimming near coral reefs may benefit from the shelter and potential food sources the reefs offer, but the passage doesn't specify any direct mutual benefit the reefs gain from the fish, unlike the clear mutualism between worms and plants. Hence, Option (c) is not the correct answer. Option d: Birds constructing nests in trees is primarily for the birds' benefit, offering them shelter and a place to raise their offspring. The trees don't gain a direct evolutionary advantage from the birds, making this relationship different from the worm-plant symbiosis. Hence, Option (d) is not the correct answer.
- To resolve the conundrum about how coral reefs keep growing despite the sinking sea floor, one must consider: a) The depth and temperature of the surrounding waters. b) The speed at which individual coral polyps can grow. c) The type of marine creatures living around the coral reefs. d) The proximity of coral reefs to the coastline. Correct Answer: b) The speed at which individual coral polyps can grow. Reference Lines: "Darwin’s answer was that the polyps were able to grow faster than the sea floor was sinking, and so the reef was able to keep pace with the changing environment." Explanation:
Option a: The depth and temperature of surrounding waters are certainly vital for the existence of coral reefs, influencing where they can thrive. However, these factors don't directly address Darwin's specific puzzle regarding the upward growth of reefs in areas with sinking sea floors. Hence, Option (a) is not the correct answer. Option b: Darwin's answer to the puzzle revolved around the growth rate of coral polyps. If these polyps can grow faster than the rate at which the sea floor sinks, it would explain the continued upward growth of the reefs. Understanding the growth speed of the polyps is essential to solving this particular conundrum. Hence, Option (b) is the correct answer. Option c: While the types of marine creatures living around coral reefs might impact the health and biodiversity of the reef, they don't offer a direct solution to the conundrum of how reefs can grow upwards while the sea floor beneath them sinks. Hence, Option (c) is not the correct answer. Option d: The proximity of coral reefs to coastlines might influence their health and susceptibility to human- induced threats, but it doesn't directly address the mystery of their upward growth in sinking regions. Hence, Option (d) is not the correct answer.
B) The text discusses the challenges Allende faced, from both the far-left preparing for a revolution and the right (aided covertly by the U.S.) looking to destabilize his government. This suggests a mixed reception and response to Allende's policies, both supportive and resistant. Hence, Option (B) is the correct answer. C) While Allende's government faced economic challenges, it would be a stretch to claim that political instability was only because of his policies. External forces, such as the covert support from the U.S., and internal challenges from various factions played significant roles. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer. D) The passage mentions that the U.S. gave covert support to opposition factions, indicating that the U.S. was not overtly supportive of Allende. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer. Question 2: Based on the passage, which of the following must necessarily be true? A) Every Latin American country views the Chilean coup of 1973 with the same significance as Chile does. B) All Chilean economists who studied at the University of Chicago supported Pinochet’s economic reforms. C) Allende's government attempted to implement socialist policies via democratic processes. D) Gabriel Boric is universally accepted and appreciated by all Chileans. Correct Answer: C Reference Lines: "For the right, Allende’s government, which had tried to build socialism through the ballot box, was proof that the left could not be trusted with democracy." Explanation: A) The passage notes the "totemic significance" of the events, but it doesn't suggest that every Latin American country assigns the same level of significance to the Chilean coup as Chile itself does. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. B) The passage says that Pinochet's regime took economic advice from a group of Chilean economists from the University of Chicago. This does not mean every Chilean economist from that university supported Pinochet’s reforms. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. C) The text directly mentions that Allende's government attempted to build socialism through the democratic process, particularly "through the ballot box." Hence, Option (C) is the correct answer. D) While the passage talks about Gabriel Boric's admiration for Allende, it doesn't provide any evidence or information about his universal acceptance by all Chileans. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer. Question 3: Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following would weaken the argument that Salvador Allende's government was solely responsible for Chile's political instability? A) Evidence that the global downturn and sharp rise in oil prices in 1973 were primary factors contributing to economic instability in Chile. B) Records showing that Allende had widespread support from foreign governments. C) A report that showcases how Pinochet’s regime implemented policies that further destabilized Chile economically and politically. D) Information indicating that the Chilean public largely approved of Allende's economic policies. Correct Answer: A Reference Lines: "But it also faced mounting economic problems, exacerbated by the global downturn and the sharp rise in oil prices in 1973." Explanation: A) The passage implies that the economic problems faced by Allende's government were exacerbated by broader global issues such as the economic downturn and the oil crisis of 1973. Highlighting these as significant factors would weaken the argument that the instability was solely due to Allende's government. Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. B) The passage does not provide information on the support Allende received from foreign governments, making it a less effective choice for weakening the argument based on the details given in the passage. Hence, option (B) is not the correct answer. C) This option introduces a focus on the subsequent regime, which is not central to assessing the role of Allende's government in the political instability of Chile. Therefore, this option does not directly weaken the argument based on the passage's information. Hence, option (C) is not the correct answer.
D) The passage does not offer details on the public's perception of Allende's economic policies, so this option does not directly weaken the argument based on the passage's information. Hence, option (D) is not the correct answer. Question 4: What flaw can be identified in the right's argument that the left cannot be trusted with democracy due to Allende's government? A) The right failed to recognize the external influences working against Allende's government. B) Allende's government did not actually practice socialist ideologies. C) The right did not provide solutions to the economic issues Chile was facing. D) Trusting democracy based on one instance is an overgeneralization. Correct Answer: D Reference Lines: "For the right, Allende’s government, which had tried to build socialism through the ballot box, was proof that the left could not be trusted with democracy." Explanation: A) The passage does indicate external forces (e.g., U.S. covert support) working against Allende. While this provides context, it doesn't specifically address the right's argument about the left and democracy. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. B) The passage is clear in stating that Allende's government pursued socialism. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. C) The passage doesn’t specify whether the right provided or didn’t provide solutions to Chile's economic challenges. This option doesn't address the core flaw in the argument. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer. D) Basing a broad claim about an entire political ideology's relationship with democracy on one instance (Allende's government) is an overgeneralization and a logical flaw. Hence, Option (D) is the correct answer. Question 5: Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Pinochet's regime was exceptionally repressive? A) Many international human rights organizations have condemned the actions of Pinochet's regime during its tenure. B) A considerable number of people fled Chile during Pinochet’s regime to escape the oppressive environment. C) Pinochet implemented strict censorship laws, limiting the freedom of press and expression during his regime. D) Several international sanctions were levied against Chile during Pinochet’s rule due to human rights violations. Correct Answer: D Explanation: A) While international condemnation would suggest a negative view of Pinochet's regime, this option doesn't offer a direct testimony to the scale of repression occurring within Chile at that time. Hence, option (A) is not the correct answer. B) If a considerable number of people fled Chile during Pinochet's time, it would indicate an oppressive environment. However, the passage does not provide information on this, and compared to direct international sanctions, this option might be a weaker point to strengthen the argument. Hence, option (B) is not the correct answer. C) Implementing strict censorship laws would indeed be a sign of a repressive regime. However, compared to international sanctions that often come as a result of verified reports of significant human rights violations, this might be seen as a less direct indicator of repression. Hence, option (C) is not the correct answer. D) International sanctions are generally levied against nations due to grave concerns, often including human rights violations. If Chile faced international sanctions during Pinochet's rule due to human rights violations, it would strongly substantiate the claim of the regime being exceptionally repressive, thus strengthening the argument presented in the passage. Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.
Reference Lines: "...some psychologists believe that individuals with mild psychopathic tendencies can be 'successful psychopaths'..." & "Recent shifts in psychiatry have embraced a dimensional approach..." Option A: The passage provides a nuanced perspective on psychopathy, emphasizing that it exists on a spectrum and not all individuals with psychopathic tendencies are criminal or dangerous. This option oversimplifies and distorts this perspective. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. Option B: The passage discusses the evolution in understanding psychopathy, including the idea of "successful psychopaths" who aren't necessarily criminals. This option encapsulates the core message of the passage. Hence, Option (B) is the correct answer. Option C: The text mentions a shift in research focus, moving beyond just prison settings to study psychopathy in the general population. This option contradicts the passage's information. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer. Option D: The article specifically mentions that psychopathy isn't always as glamorized in media, suggesting that media representations might not be entirely accurate. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer.
2. The development of the "Successful Psychopathy Scale" by Louise Wallace is based on which of the following assumptions? A) All psychopaths possess traits that can be beneficial in professional settings. B) There exists a stereotype about psychopathy that is limited to its violent nature. C) Every individual in society has a full understanding of psychopathy. D) Only individuals with criminal backgrounds possess psychopathic traits. Correct Answer: B Reference Lines: "...shift the perception of psychopathy away from the Hannibal Lecter stereotype..." Option A: While the passage indicates that certain psychopathic traits might be beneficial in specific careers, it doesn't claim that all psychopaths have such traits. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. Option B: Wallace's initiative to develop a new scale and shift perceptions underscores the existence of a prevalent stereotype, which predominantly views psychopathy in a negative, violent light. Hence, Option (B) is the correct answer. Option C: The article suggests that the understanding of psychopathy is skewed by media portrayals and stereotypes, implying that there's not a full understanding among the general public. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer. Option D: The passage clearly states that everyone possesses psychopathic traits to some extent, refuting the idea that only criminals have such traits. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer. 3. Which of the following statements highlights a paradox as implied by the passage? A) Psychopathy is a multidimensional trait, yet it is often simplified to its violent aspects in popular portrayals. B) The modern world requires more empathy, yet businesses seem to value less empathetic traits for leadership roles. C) Only successful individuals possess psychopathic traits. D) Modern research is entirely aligned with historical perceptions of psychopathy. Correct Answer: A Reference Lines: "...Everyone possesses psychopathic traits to some extent, and they shouldn't be either glorified or stigmatized." Option A: The article mentions the spectrum of psychopathy and its various dimensions. Simultaneously, it also highlights the oversimplified and predominantly violent portrayal in popular media. The contrast between this comprehensive understanding and its reductive depiction is paradoxical. Hence, Option (A) is the correct answer. Option B: While the article does discuss how certain careers might value psychopathic traits, it doesn't discuss the modern world's empathy needs in contrast. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. Option C: The article makes it clear that psychopathic traits are present to varying degrees in everyone, not just in "successful" individuals. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer.
Option D: The passage explicitly discusses how modern research and views on psychopathy differ from historical perceptions. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer.
4. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that: A) All senior executives in corporations possess psychopathic traits. B) Boldness as a psychopathic trait is universally accepted in clinical psychology. C) The term "psychopath" has experienced changes in its understanding and association over time. D) The "Successful Psychopathy Scale" has been universally accepted in psychiatric communities. Correct Answer: C Reference Lines: "However, over time, due to research primarily conducted in prisons and media portrayals, the term 'psychopath' became synonymous with violent criminals." Option A: The article only references one specific study regarding an Australian advertising agency. This doesn't generalize to all senior executives in all corporations. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. Option B: The passage indicates that the inclusion of boldness in understanding psychopathy is controversial and debated, suggesting it's not universally accepted. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. Option C: The article outlines the changing associations and understandings of the term "psychopath" over time, especially influenced by specific research settings and media portrayals. Hence, Option (C) is the correct answer. Option D: While Wallace has developed the "Successful Psychopathy Scale," the article doesn't state that it's universally accepted. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer. 5. Which of the following statements, if true, would strengthen the idea that some psychopathic traits can be advantageous in professional settings? A) Recent studies have shown that individuals with mild psychopathic traits often excel in high-pressure careers due to their emotional resilience. B) Leading business schools are integrating training modules that cultivate traits such as boldness and emotional resilience, which are considered to be psychopathic traits. C) Notable industry leaders have openly acknowledged utilizing their psychopathic traits, such as boldness and low empathy, to achieve success in their careers. D) A new popular television series portrays individuals with psychopathic traits as being unsuccessful in professional settings. Correct Answer: A Explanation: Option A: This statement brings in new data not mentioned in the passage, establishing a direct correlation between mild psychopathic traits and success in high-pressure careers, thereby strengthening the argument in the passage. Hence, option (A) is the correct answer. Option B: Though this option suggests a positive perception of psychopathic traits in professional settings, it does not provide direct evidence that these traits are indeed beneficial in the professional realm. Therefore, option (B) is not the correct answer. Option C: This option offers personal testimonials as evidence, which, although indicating a positive aspect of psychopathic traits in the professional sphere, does not substantiate the claim with comprehensive data or research. Therefore, option (C) is not the correct answer. Option D: This option contradicts the argument presented in the passage by suggesting a negative portrayal of individuals with psychopathic traits in professional settings, hence it does not strengthen the argument. Therefore, option (D) is not the correct answer.
Question 2: What assumption underlies the Chief Justice of India’s observation that development work is not relevant to the constitutional challenge? A. Development work can never be legally scrutinized. B. Restoration of statehood should be independent of any development work. C. Development work necessarily validates the legality of the government’s actions. D. Constitutional legality and development work operate in separate domains. Correct Answer: D Reference Lines: "As the Chief Justice of India, Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, observed during the proceedings, the development work the government says it has undertaken after August 2019 is not relevant to the constitutional challenge." Explanation: Option A posits that development work is immune from legal scrutiny, but this extreme stance is not implied by the Chief Justice's observation, which simply separates constitutional legality from development work. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. Option B suggests that statehood restoration should occur without considering any development work. While this may be a desirable outcome for some, it's not an assumption that underlies the Chief Justice's statement. His point is more about the irrelevance of development work to the legal challenge. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. Option C is the opposite of what the Chief Justice is saying. He clearly states that development work doesn't necessarily validate the government's actions in terms of constitutional legality. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer. Option D accurately captures the assumption underlying the Chief Justice's statement, which is that constitutional legality and development work are separate issues and should be treated as such. Hence, Option (D) is the correct answer. Question 3: Which of the following would most weaken the argument that the government should not delay the restoration of Statehood due to reduced disturbances? A. Local media outlets, often seen as government mouthpieces, have reported a significant decrease in disturbances since the abrogation of special status. B. A number of community leaders have expressed satisfaction with the current level of autonomy and are not pressing for the restoration of statehood at the moment. C. Recent economic reports indicate that the region has seen a surge in investments and economic growth in the past year, suggesting stability. D. The security infrastructure is not adequately developed to maintain peace if statehood is restored. Correct Answer: D Reference Lines: "Given the government’s claim that the situation is quite normal and that terrorism, infiltration and incidents of stone-throwing have all substantially come down, it is difficult to account for any further delay in the holding of elections." Explanation: Option A: This option hints at a reduction in disturbances, which seems to align with the government's claims. However, this does not necessarily provide a concrete reason to delay the restoration of statehood, hence it doesn't weaken the argument against delay. Therefore, option A is not the correct answer. Option B: Although suggesting a level of satisfaction with the current status, this option doesn't provide a substantial argument against the restoration of statehood due to reduced disturbances. It fails to address the potential issues that might arise with the restoration, and hence doesn't weaken the argument strongly. Therefore, option B is not the correct answer. Option C: This option hints at economic stability in the region but does not directly argue against the restoration of statehood due to reduced disturbances. It fails to offer a potential downside to the restoration of statehood, hence doesn't weaken the argument effectively. Therefore, option C is not the correct answer. Option D: This option presents a direct concern regarding the potential lack of peace and stability if statehood is restored at this point, effectively weakening the argument against delay by showcasing a significant potential problem with hurried restoration. Hence, option D is the correct answer.
Question 4: What can be concluded from the passage about the Centre's justification for not restoring statehood? A. The Centre cites historical disturbances as the primary reason for not restoring statehood. B. The Centre is evasive about providing a clear reason for not restoring statehood. C. The Centre believes that legal challenges prevent the restoration of statehood. D. The Centre holds that the current peaceful situation in J&K is not sufficient for restoring statehood. Correct Answer: B Reference Lines: "When queried by the Supreme Court Bench, which is hearing the challenge to the abrogation of J&K’s special status under Article 370 of the Constitution, about a timeline for the return of Statehood, the Solicitor-General said he was unable to give an exact time period." Explanation: Option A suggests that historical disturbances are the primary reason the Centre cites, but the passage doesn't confirm this as the Centre's main argument. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. Option B captures the essence of the Centre's stance as mentioned in the passage, where the Solicitor- General could not give a clear timeline for statehood restoration. This evasiveness is apparent in their responses. Hence, Option (B) is the correct answer. Option C is not supported by the passage. Legal challenges are being heard by the Supreme Court, but they are not cited by the Centre as a reason for not restoring statehood. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer. Option D contradicts the Centre's claim that disturbances have reduced, which is not used as a reason to delay statehood restoration in the passage. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer. Question 5: Which of the following would most strengthen the argument for holding early elections and restoring statehood in J&K? A. Reports from various independent media outlets showcasing the peaceful atmosphere and harmony in the region, promoting tourism and economic growth. B. A bilateral agreement between India and neighboring countries affirming peace and cooperation in the region, ensuring stability for the foreseeable future. C. A high-profile global summit scheduled to take place in J&K, reflecting international confidence in the stability and security of the region. D. A formal endorsement by the United Nations recognizing the substantial improvements in safety and calling for the immediate restoration of statehood. Correct Answer: D Explanation: Option A: While positive media reports can potentially portray a sense of normalcy and progress in J&K, they might not directly influence the government’s decision on the restoration of statehood. Therefore, option A is not the correct answer. Option B: While a bilateral agreement can signify stable relations and peace in the region, it doesn't directly mandate or pressurize the Indian government to restore statehood to J&K. Therefore, option B is not the correct answer. Option C: Hosting a global summit does reflect positively on the region's stability, but it is not a direct call or substantial push for the restoration of statehood, making it a supportive but not decisive factor. Therefore, option C is not the correct answer. Option D: A formal endorsement from the United Nations, a prominent international body, recognizing the improvements in the region and explicitly calling for the restoration of statehood, would exert significant pressure on the government and substantially strengthen the argument for early elections and statehood restoration. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
A. Companies that rely heavily on manipulation often achieve short-term gains but fail to build long-term loyalty. B. Companies with clear understandings of their customers tend to use more manipulative tactics. C. Companies with a first-mover advantage are more likely to have lasting success. D. Manipulations are considered unethical, yet they are effective. Correct Answer: A Reference Lines: "Manipulations work." Option A highlights the paradox that manipulations, despite being effective, do not necessarily build long- term loyalty. Hence, Option (A) is the correct answer. Option B contradicts the author's point that companies with unclear customer understanding tend to rely more on manipulations. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. Option C contradicts the author's view that a first-mover advantage can be quickly lost. Hence, Option (C) is not the correct answer. Option D incorrectly states that manipulations are considered unethical, which contradicts the author's stance that they are not necessarily pejorative. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer. Question 3: Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author's argument that companies frequently rely on manipulative strategies due to a lack of understanding of why their customers are loyal? (A) Most companies conduct extensive market research to understand the precise reasons behind customer loyalty, and base their strategies on this data. (B) Many customers cite transparent and ethical business practices as the primary reason for their loyalty to a particular company, indicating a rejection of manipulative strategies. (C) The success of manipulation strategies has been documented in various industries, demonstrating their efficacy and rationalizing their widespread use. (D) There is a rise in educational programs that train business leaders to foster genuine relationships with customers, rather than relying on manipulative tactics. Correct Answer: (A) Explanation: Option A: This option weakens the author's argument by presenting a scenario where companies actually have a deep understanding of their customer base, thereby negating the claim that companies don't know why their customers are loyal and rely on manipulative strategies. Hence, this is the correct answer. Option B: This option somewhat weakens the argument by implying that manipulative strategies might not be as successful as the author implies, since customers appreciate transparent and ethical business practices. However, it does not directly address the claim that companies lack understanding of customer loyalty. Option C: This option actually strengthens the author's argument by providing justification for the widespread use of manipulative strategies, which the passage states are frequently used due to a lack of understanding about customer loyalty. Option D: Although this option provides a method for companies to potentially move away from manipulative strategies, it doesn't directly counter the claim that many companies currently lack understanding about what drives their customer loyalty. Question 4: If a company understands why its customers are its customers, then which of the following is least likely? A. The company would have a high rate of customer loyalty. B. The company would be able to sustain its business without manipulations. C. The company would be significantly influenced by competitors’ manipulative strategies. D. The company would not need to rely on price drops or promotional activities as much. Correct Answer: C Reference Lines: "When companies or organizations do not have a clear sense of why their customers are their customers, they tend to rely on a disproportionate number of manipulations to get what they need." Explanation: Option A is likely if the company understands its customers, as this would presumably lead to higher loyalty. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer.
Option B aligns with the author's notion that understanding reduces the need for manipulations. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. Option C is the least likely because a company that understands its customer base would be less influenced by competitors' manipulative strategies. Hence, Option (C) is the correct answer. Option D suggests less reliance on price drops or promotions, which would likely occur if a company understands its customers. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer. Question 5: Which of the following scenarios most closely parallels the reasoning behind the use of manipulation by companies as discussed in the passage? A. A student cheats in an exam to get good grades but understands that this won’t help in long-term learning. B. A politician makes false promises to win an election but has no plans to fulfill them. C. A parent bribes their child with candy to make them do chores, knowing this isn’t a sustainable solution. D. A teacher uses strict discipline to maintain order in the classroom, believing this will help in long-term education. Correct Answer: C Reference Lines: "And as any child who has ever handed over candy hoping for a new best friend will tell you, it works." Explanation: Option A involves unethical behavior, which is not parallel to the company manipulation described as a common and benign tactic. Hence, Option (A) is not the correct answer. Option B includes making false promises, which goes beyond the type of manipulation described in the passage and might be seen as unethical. Hence, Option (B) is not the correct answer. Option C is the closest parallel, describing a benign form of manipulation that is effective in the short term but likely unsustainable in the long term, similar to companies using manipulative tactics. Hence, Option (C) is the correct answer. Option D suggests the use of strict discipline as a long-term solution, whereas company manipulations are seen as short-term tactics. Hence, Option (D) is not the correct answer.
