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Tutorial on the Public Land Survey System
Descriptions
From the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
When the land was first surveyed in Wisconsin, it was divided into a grid as shown in Figure 1. Each grid cell represents approximately 36 square miles (the measurements were not always precise due to the instruments the surveyors were using, among other limitations). This grid system is known as the Public Land Survey System (PLSS). An example of a legal description using the PLSS is given below.
N 1/2 SE 1/4 SW 1/4, S24, T32N, R18E
The descriptions are generally read from front to back. For example, the description above would be read "The north 1/2 of the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 24, township 32 north, range 18 east."
However, the easiest way to interpret descriptions is from back to front (or, right to left). To determine where the property is, we will break the description down into each of its elements, starting from the back and working our way to the front. We'll be starting with the most general labels and then move into the smallest, most specific labels.
Each cell in the grid is identified by a township and range number. The range number identifies how many cells the property is to the east or west of a starting point. Both eastern and western ranges are possible in Wisconsin, as shown in Figure 2. The range identified in our example legal description, R18E, is highlighted in Figure 3.
N 1/2 SE 1/4, SW 1/4, S24, T32N, R18E
Figure 2: Eastern and Western Ranges in Wisconsin Figure 3: Range 18 East
Figure 1: PLSS in Wisconsin
The township number identifies how many cells the property is to north or south of a starting point. Only northern townships are possible in Wisconsin. The township identified in our example legal description, T32N, is highlighted in Figure 4.
N 1/2 SE 1/4, SW 1/4, S24, T32N , R18E
Each 36-square-mile parcel identified by a township and range number is further divided into 36 sections , each section theoretically being 1 square mile, or 640 acres. The cells are numbered "boustrophedonically", or "as the cow plows", which means that the numbers wrap around in an "s" shape. Such a numbering system was easier for the surveyors to use when they were doing the original surveying. Our example refers to section 24, which is highlighted in red in Figure 5.
N 1/2 SE 1/4, SW 1/4, S24 , T32N, R18E
Figure 5: Section 24
Figure 4: Township 32 North
Finally, we also have a reference to a half of a quarter-quarter section in our example. Halves can be used instead of, or in addition to, quarters to describe property location. In the case of our example legal description, the half quarter-quarter section is 20 acres (though if the legal description had read N 1/2, S24, T32N, R18E, the area of the half would have been 320 acres). Halves can be north, south, east or west. The north half of the southeast quarter-quarter section is highlighted in orange in Figure 8.
N 1/2 SE 1/4, SW 1/4, S24, T32N, R18E
Figure 8: N 1/2 of the SE Quarter-Quarter Section
Figure 9 shows the location of the land we've been locating in context. You now know how to locate land using a PLSS description!
N 1/2 SE 1/4, SW 1/4, S24, T32N, R18E
Figure 9: Location of N 1/2 SE 1/4, SW 1/4, S24, T32N, R18E
THE PUBLIC LAND SURVEY SYSTEM POSTER
TOWNSHIP AND RANGE
