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Biology Exam Questions: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Cell Division, Exams of Community Corrections

Allen UniversityCommunity Corrections

A comprehensive set of exam questions covering key concepts in biology, including photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and cell division. It includes multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and detailed explanations for each answer. Ideal for students preparing for exams in introductory biology courses.

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2024/2025

Available from 04/09/2025

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UA BSC 108 Exam 2 | 100% Correct |
Verified | 2024 Version
What is a photosynthetic autotroph? - ✔✔An organism that makes its own food from inorganic
ingredients.
What is the fluid inside chloroplasts called? - ✔✔Stroma
What are the membranes inside chloroplasts called? - ✔✔inner and outer membranes
Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. - ✔✔6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
What is the primary function of pigments in photosynthesis? Name the primary pigment used in
photosynthesis. - ✔✔Pigments absorb certain wavelengths. They are the means by which the energy of
sunlight is captured for photosynthesis. The primary pigment used in photosynthesis is Chlorophylla-a.
Why are leaves green? - ✔✔Their green color is from chlorophyll, a pigment (light- absorbing molecule)
in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy.
How and where does water enter a plant? - ✔✔Water enters root hair cells by osmosis.
How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? - ✔✔Carbon Dioxide diffuses through small holes in
the underside of leaves, called the stomata.
The light reactions take place in three stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of each stage.
1. Photons excite electrons in the chlorophyll of the first photosystem. These photons are then trapped
by the primary electron acceptor. This photosystem then replaces the lost electrons by extracting new
ones from water. This is the step that releases O2 during photosynthesis. 2. Energized electrons from the
first photosystem pass down an electron transport chain to the second photosystem. The chloroplast
uses the energy released by this electron "fall" to make ATP. 3. The second photosystem transfers its
light-excited electrons to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH.
List all products of the light reactions. carbon dioxide, water. Glucose, oxygen
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Download Biology Exam Questions: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Cell Division and more Exams Community Corrections in PDF only on Docsity!

UA BSC 108 Exam 2 | 100% Correct |

Verified | 2024 Version

What is a photosynthetic autotroph? - ✔✔An organism that makes its own food from inorganic ingredients. What is the fluid inside chloroplasts called? - ✔✔Stroma What are the membranes inside chloroplasts called? - ✔✔inner and outer membranes Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. - ✔✔6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O What is the primary function of pigments in photosynthesis? Name the primary pigment used in photosynthesis. - ✔✔Pigments absorb certain wavelengths. They are the means by which the energy of sunlight is captured for photosynthesis. The primary pigment used in photosynthesis is Chlorophylla-a. Why are leaves green? - ✔✔Their green color is from chlorophyll, a pigment (light- absorbing molecule) in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy. How and where does water enter a plant? - ✔✔Water enters root hair cells by osmosis. How and where does carbon dioxide enter a plant? - ✔✔Carbon Dioxide diffuses through small holes in the underside of leaves, called the stomata. The light reactions take place in three stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of each stage.

  1. Photons excite electrons in the chlorophyll of the first photosystem. These photons are then trapped by the primary electron acceptor. This photosystem then replaces the lost electrons by extracting new ones from water. This is the step that releases O2 during photosynthesis. 2. Energized electrons from the first photosystem pass down an electron transport chain to the second photosystem. The chloroplast uses the energy released by this electron "fall" to make ATP. 3. The second photosystem transfers its light-excited electrons to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH. List all products of the light reactions. carbon dioxide, water. Glucose, oxygen

The Calvin cycle has three main stages. Name the stages and summarize the events of each stage. - ✔✔"1) Carbon Fixation- The enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with 5-carbon sugar rubulose biphosphate (RuBP). The unstable product formed splits into 2 molecules of 3-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).

  1. Reduction- Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize NADPH to NADP+. Six molecules of 3- PGA are reduced, producing six molecules of energy-rich 3-carbon sugar G3P.
  2. Release of one molecule of G3P- Five of the previously created G3Ps remain in the cycle, but one molecule is released.
  3. Regeneration of RuBP - series of chemical reactions uses energy from ATP to rearrange the atoms of the 5 G3P molecules, (15 total carbons), which forms 3 RuBP molecules (15 total carbons). These will start another turn of the cycle. " List all products in the Calvin cycle. - ✔✔"6 Turns of the Calvin Cycle→ 1 C₆H₁₂O₆ 6CO₂ → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆ 18 ATP + 12 NADPH → 1 C₆H₁₂O₆ Left over ATP is used elsewhere by the cell. " Give two examples of plants that use C4 photosynthesis. - ✔✔"1) Corn
  4. Sugarcane" What environmental factor is C4 photosynthesis an adaptation for? - ✔✔High levels of CO2 and drought environments Contrast carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants. C4 plants initially attach CO2toPEP to form the four- carbon compound OAA using the enzyme PEP carboxylase. This takes place in the loosely packed cells called mesophyll cells. OAA is then pumped to another set of cells, the bundle sheath cells, which surround the leaf vein. There, it releases the CO2for use by Rubisco. By concentrating CO2in the bundle sheath cells, C4plants promote the efficient operation of the Calvin-Benson cycle and minimize photorespiration. CAM plants also initially attach CO2to PEP and form OAA. However, instead of fixing carbon during the day and pumping the OAA to other cells, CAM plants fix carbon at night and store the OAA in large vacuoles within the cell. This allows them to have their stomates open in the cool of the evening, avoiding water loss, and to use the CO2 for the Calvin-Benson cycle during the day, when it can be driven by the sun's energy.
  1. What are homologous chromosomes? - ✔✔Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci.
  2. How does a diploid cell differ from a haploid cell? - ✔✔haploid cells and diploid cells differ in the number of chromosome sets found in the nucleus.
  3. What is meiosis? - ✔✔a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells
  4. How does meiosis I differ from meiosis II? - ✔✔In meiosis II chromosomes are further separated into sister chromatids. Meiosis I include crossing over or recombination of genetic material between chromosome pairs, while meiosis II does not
  5. List three ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis. - ✔✔Mitosis consists of one stage whereas meiosis consists of two stages. Mitosis produces diploid cells (46 chromosomes) whereas meiosis produces haploid cells (23 chromosomes). Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells whereas meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells.
  6. List three origins of genetic variation. - ✔✔"a. Independent assortment of chromosomes b. Crossing Over c. Random Fertilization"
  7. How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity? - ✔✔by combining DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
  8. What is nondisjunction? - ✔✔An error in cell division that causes homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to move to the same side of the dividing cell
  9. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? - ✔✔Aerobic respiration can only occur in the presence of oxygen, during aerobic respiration the reactants oxygen and glucose are turned into products carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is not present,

occurs in two steps. Glycolysis produces ATP from the reactant glucose then fermentation created the lactic acid, or ethanol, depending on the type of fermentation.

  1. How do autotrophs differ from heterotrophs? - ✔✔autotrophs make their own energy, heterotrophs must consume other organisms to get their energy
  2. What is the function cellular respiration? - ✔✔provides cells with energy they need to function
  3. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration. - ✔✔C6H12O6+6O2>6H2O+6CO2+ATP
  4. The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? - ✔✔cytoplasm
  5. List the inputs and outputs of glycolysis. - ✔✔"Glycolysis Inputs- Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP +P Glycolysis Outputs- 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, 2 NADH + H+, 2 H2O"
  6. Is oxygen required for glycolysis? - ✔✔no
  7. The second stage of cellular respiration is the citric acid cycle. Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place? - ✔✔In prokaryotic cells the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm, in eukaryotic cells the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
  8. List the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle. - ✔✔"Inputs- 2 acetyl CoA, 2 oxaloacetate, 2ADP + P, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD Outputs- 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2"
  9. The third stage of cellular respiration is electron transport. Where in the cell does electron transport take place? - ✔✔inner membrane
  10. List the inputs and outputs of electron transport. - ✔✔"Input- 10 NADH + H+, 2 FADH Output- 10 NAD+, 2FAD, H2O, 34 ATP"
  1. In dogs black hair color (B) is dominant to brown hair color (b). A black dog of unknown genotype mates with a brown dog (bb). Half of the puppies are black and half of the puppies are brown. What is the genotype of the black dog? - ✔✔Bb Bb - ✔✔
  2. Describe an example of incomplete dominance. - ✔✔A brown fur coat on a rabbit because of one rabbit's red allele and one rabbits white allele not dominating
  3. How is your blood type determined? - ✔✔each biological parent donates one of two ABO genes to their child. The A and B genes are dominant, and the O gene is recessive
  4. Can a woman and a man both with Type A blood have a baby with Type O blood? Explain your answer. - ✔✔A person with the blood type A can have one of two genotypes: AA, or AO. If the person has genotype AA it would be impossible for them to have a child with blood type O. If the person has genotype AO there would be a 50% chance of passing on the O allele. The father would also have to pass on an O allele for the child to have blood type O
  5. What is pleiotropy? - ✔✔when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. What is polygenic inheritance? - ✔✔inheritance pattern of a trait controlled by two or more genes, genes may be the same of different chromosomes