Download UBC BIOL 336 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 A COMPLETE EXAM SOLUTION and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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ansiogamy - CORRECT ANSWERS diff size gametes isogamy - CORRECT ANSWERS same size gametes presumed to be ancestral switch to ansiogamy - CORRECT ANSWERS making twice as many half sized gametes could out compete the others. since the other gamete is still full size, the zygote is 3/4 of the original size and that could be good enough frequency dependent selection - CORRECT ANSWERS causes an equilibrium when most produce large gametes, the small gamete producers are favoured and vice versa results in a trait 1: also responsible for the 50/50 sex ratio dioecious - CORRECT ANSWERS distinct male and female reproductive systems gonochoristic - CORRECT ANSWERS having only one of two sexes in any one individual organism no hermaphrodites most animals are - CORRECT ANSWERS dioecious and gonochoristic
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plants are dioceious but not gonochoristic because - CORRECT ANSWERS they want to minimize selfing but maximize breeding Fishers sex ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS frequency dependent selection keeps the male to female ratio 1: male producing alleles more fit when males are rare female producing alleles more fit when females are rare competition reduces - CORRECT ANSWERS energy that could be spend on reproduction reduced gamete size - CORRECT ANSWERS competition between eurkaryotes. same size gametes means more babies Tragedy of the Commons - CORRECT ANSWERS individuals arent has reproductively productive because they wasted energy on competing with each other asexuality - CORRECT ANSWERS doesnt last long because the organism fails to diversify sex = - CORRECT ANSWERS recombination with an environmental change, recombination may allow a sexual lineage to better adapt Mullers Ratchet - CORRECT ANSWERS even in a stable environment, being asexual is shitty
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cost of sex
- CORRECT ANSWERS 1. two fold cost egg production
break up adaptive combos benefit sex
- CORRECT ANSWERS 1. avoid Mullers ratchet
generating variability allowing adaptation to environmental change Variance in male reproductive success is - CORRECT ANSWERS greater than the variance in female reproductive success more evenly spread proportion of females are successful whereas males are competing Operational sex ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS more males than females because the females are tied up caring for the offspring and investing energy in pregnancy therefore are unable to mate Risk - CORRECT ANSWERS females have a higher risk when breeding then males do because they have a higher investment intrasexual competiton - CORRECT ANSWERS males compete with each other and the female mates with the winner intersexual competiton - CORRECT ANSWERS female choice females select males according to their qualities
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intersexual DIRECT BENEFITS - CORRECT ANSWERS choose males that give her resourcres or protection -nutrition, protect the territory intersexual GOOD GENES HYPOTHESIS - CORRECT ANSWERS choose the males with good genes so her offspring do better often choose a trait correlated to a useful one HONEST INDICATOR - CORRECT ANSWERS if any male can make the trait, then it is not special, and not an honest indicator of quality how much energy can he invest in this more energy = better offspring Handicap Principle (Zahavi) of Honest indicators - CORRECT ANSWERS if its not costly then anyone can do it females are selected to choose the harmful outlandish trait because only the strongest males can afford to waste that much energy species recognition cues - CORRECT ANSWERS courtship ornaments and behaviors to attract females and for her to avoid mating with the wrong species sensory bias - CORRECT ANSWERS males use signals that the female is able to sense may use signals that she is attracted to for other reasons - like food
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- remate to make sperm compete
- dont ovulate
- dont transfer the sperm to the right place or dont mature the eggs Eberhards theory - CORRECT ANSWERS evolution of genitals is explained by sexual selection -lock and key for species recognition Males
- CORRECT ANSWERS 1.will mate with female regardless of whether shes ready 2.fight off other males 3.induce females to invest FEmales
- CORRECT ANSWERS 1. mate only when they have resources
- mate with multiple males to have diverse babies
- hold back investment antagonistic evoltution - CORRECT ANSWERS battle of the sexes 3 ways to find new species - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. in nature
- in museums
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- in data analysis species are real
- CORRECT ANSWERS 1. discrete groups of variation
- traditionally recognized species align with scientific descriptions
- analysis of variation - separate clusters of organisms
- we study it Species definition - CORRECT ANSWERS units that differ by at least an amount (X) in DNA from all other species Species concepts reflect the weight on these 3 evolutionary processes
- CORRECT ANSWERS 1. reproductive isolation
- ecological independence
- ecological integrity Biological species concept - CORRECT ANSWERS first classic species concept consists of actually or potentially interbreeding populations of organisms that are reproductively isolated from other groups
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metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles freuenctly enough that they comprise the same gene pool and therefore share the same evolutionary lineage reproductive isolation - CORRECT ANSWERS biological species concept can be measured into degrees order of isolating mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. premating
- post mating/pre zygotic
- post mating/post zygotic earlier acting barriers - CORRECT ANSWERS are stronger because they prevent the loss of effort that comes with choosing the wrong mate and producing less fit offspring premating geographical isolation - CORRECT ANSWERS too far away and they will never meet premating behavioral isolation - CORRECT ANSWERS overlap in range but dont recognize each other due to mating behaviors like song premating ecological isolation - CORRECT ANSWERS =temporal isolation
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differences in reproductive timing, so the individuals are not reproductively active at the same time or season overlap in range but rarely ever meet premating mechanical isolation - CORRECT ANSWERS genitalia do not fit post mating prezygotic barriers - CORRECT ANSWERS after mating but before zygote formation
- gametes dont survive the reproductive system -sperm dont have the proteins to attach to the egg ultimately leads to failure of fertilization post zygotic barriers - CORRECT ANSWERS occur after fertilization and include what happens in further hybrid generations can be intrinsic or extrinsic hybrid inviability/low fitness - CORRECT ANSWERS hybrid zygotes are formed but are inviable or are of extremely reduced fitness hybrid sterility - CORRECT ANSWERS dont produce functional gametes mixing two diff gametes together usually sterile
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-more common and easier with gene flow - CORRECT ANSWERS sympatry or parapatry rare sympatry - CORRECT ANSWERS species diverge while still experiencing gene flow or being close enough to experience gene flow ecological divergence could cause this - overlap in range but are found on diff host species sympatric divergence requires
- CORRECT ANSWERS strong selection to overcome gene flow, and that reproductive isolation happen very quickly
ecological selection
sexual selection - change mating signals reticulate evolution - CORRECT ANSWERS a network of closely related taxa particularly by chromosome doubling or polyploidy homoploid hybrid speciation (reticulate) - CORRECT ANSWERS same ploidy level rare because genes are rarely in a colinear fashion and there are rearrangents colinear - CORRECT ANSWERS genes share same order
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rearrangements - CORRECT ANSWERS inverted or translocated protins of the genes contribute to reproductive isolation cannot mate with anything thats not the same homoploid polyploid hybrid speciation (allopolyploidy) (reticulate) - CORRECT ANSWERS higher ploidy levels instant post zygotic isolation challenge to new species is to find the same ploidy level as you to mate secondary contact - CORRECT ANSWERS species that were isolated come back together with no negetive side effects on either one 2nd - species merger - CORRECT ANSWERS partial reproductive barriers break down and the species fuse into one again 2nd - species form a hybrid zone - CORRECT ANSWERS evidence of gene flow but the species remain distinct. hybrids are not reproductively isolated from either of their parents 2nd - reinforcement of specation - CORRECT ANSWERS selection favours stronger reproductive isolation means increased selection for pre zygotic barriers requires
- hybridization
- existence of post zygotic barriers that yield shitty results
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macroevolution - CORRECT ANSWERS evolution among species -phylogeny -species selection counts species broader selective process selection on species - CORRECT ANSWERS a more fit species leaves more descendant species = more diversification and more fitness sex - CORRECT ANSWERS micro - wants to get rid of sex macro - wants to keep sex individual success and species success are - CORRECT ANSWERS not always correlated selection levels (4) - CORRECT ANSWERS within genes in a genome within individuals/alleles within colonies within clades/species transposons - CORRECT ANSWERS good for the genome bad for the individual sex ratios - CORRECT ANSWERS good for the individual is bad for the colony
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asexuality - CORRECT ANSWERS good for the individual is bad for the species adaptive radiation by ecological opportunity - CORRECT ANSWERS right place at the right time species exploits an empty niche with the right adaptation by chance key innovation - CORRECT ANSWERS a trait that drives an adaptive radiation event -individual and species selection are in tune demonstrate key innovation - CORRECT ANSWERS multiple groups that show the innovation and each show success problems with key innovation - CORRECT ANSWERS any other features could also be the cause is this difference more than what you would expect by chance alone? byproduct of adaptation during ecological divergence - CORRECT ANSWERS reproductive isolating barriers isolating traits - CORRECT ANSWERS traits that directly affect the probability of reproductive isolation occuring ecological divergence can only happen after - CORRECT ANSWERS the genetic communities have been isolated background extinction rates - CORRECT ANSWERS 80% of all extinctions have particular causes for particular species
