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UCCS PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
Describe the junctions in local communication. - Answer Gap Junctions: Cytoplasmic membranes touch Contact Dependent: Require molecular communication Autocrine: Act on cell that was secreted on Paracrine: Acts on cell and is secreted to adjacent cells Describe long distance communication. - Answer Hormones secrete into blood and find receptors along the way. Neurotransmitters secrete electrical signals in small gap for a target cell. Neurohormones are secreted in blood looking for receptors of long distance targets Describe lipophilic and lipophobic. - Answer Lipophilic - Receptor inside cytoplasm or nuclues Lipophobic - Synapse at membrane types of membrane receptors - Answer Receptor Channel G coupled protein Catalytic receptors (Integrin and Receptor enzyme) Basic Signal Transduction - Answer Signal - Membrane Receptor - Intracellular Membrane - Target Signal - Response Describe a cascade. - Answer Signal required to trigger chain reaction of inactive elements. Requires substrate for "expensive hormone" Describe Amplification. - Answer Requires Small amount of signal to have large effect. One Ligand = many molecules. Changes in permeability in membrane (Na, K, Cl) will emit an electrical signal. Describe Membrane Phospholipids - Answer Phospholipase A2 from arachidonic acid...yeilds leukotrienes or Prostaglandins Describe an antagonist and an agonist - Answer Agonist can activate a receptor like a
ligand. Antagonist will block receptor. Describe Epinephrene and blood vessels. - Answer Skeletal = Dilate Digestive = Constrict Describe Neural vs Endocrine reflex - Answer Neural: Fast, Identical strength, local Endocrine: Long, longer distance. Response correlates with amount of stimulus Compare, Neural, Neuroendocrine, and Endocrine responses. - Answer Neural and Neuroendocrine and very similar. Neural is for contraction. Neuroendocrine is enzymatic processed in CNS and happens at sensory neuron (efferent). Endocrine happens and Endocrine gland and outputs hormone for enzyme response. What are hormones responsible for? - Answer Metabolism, Regulation of the internal environment, Reproduction, Growth, Development. Enzymatic response Protein Transport (Ions and Molecules) Gene expression and protein synthesis What does each endocrine gland secrete? - Answer Pineal - Melatonin - Brain Hypothalamus - Tropic Hormones for Ant. Pituitary Posterior Pituitary - Oxytocin and Vasopressin - Kidney and Uterus and Breast Anterior Pituitary - Prolactin (Breast), GH (Liver and other Muscles) ACTH (Adrenal Cortex), TSH (Thyroid Gland), FSH and LH for Gonads Thyroid Thyroxine (Metabolism) Parathyroid (Parathyroid Gland) Thymus (Thymosin) Lymphocytes How is Hormone activity terminated? - Answer Half life indicates life of activity broken down in liver/kidneys What are the 3 types of Hormones - Answer Steroid (CHO) Peptide (Protein) Amino Acid
Act like peptides (catecholamines) Two = Thyroid Acts like steriod Describe Hormone Release - Answer stimulus - sensor - input - control center - output - target - response The endocrine cell is the sensor in this case (Parathyroid hormone) Many involve the nervous system (Pineal and Pituitary) Describe the pituitary gland - Answer two fused glands posterior (vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin) anterior (GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL, TSH stimulated by the hypothalamus Regulated by somatostatin the posterior pituitary secretes stuff made from the hypothalamus Anterior controls metabolism. TSH secretes into metabolism from hypothalamus Describe the portal system and the hypothalamus - Answer It ensures a small amount of hormone gets to target Posterior = 2nd bed anterior = first Describe feedback loops in the pituitary loop - Answer Hormone is feedback signal Long loop is most common suppresses ant pituitary and hypothalamus Short loop pituitary suppresses hypothalamus ultrashort - also pituitary and hypothalamus autocrine/paracrine signals Describe hormone interaction - Answer Synergism Antagonistic
Permissiveness allows other hormone to exert full effect. Hypersecretion - Tumors Negative feedback could atrophy gland Ultimately will diminish hormone What is down regulation? - Answer Decreased receptors and abnormally high hormones Target cell diminishes response Nonfunctional receptors Describe Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Pathology - Answer Primary - at endocrine gland Secondary - Pituitary Tertiary - Hypothalamus
Describe the organization of the nervous system - Answer CNS and Brain Neurotransmitters Afferent (Sensory) Efferent (Somatic) and Autonomic (Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic) Enteric - Digestive
Describe the different types of Neurons - Answer Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar (Most Common) Anaxonic
Anatomy of Neuron - Answer Axon - Outgoing Dendrite - Incoming Cell Body - Control Center
Action Potentials vs. Graded Potentials - Answer Action Potentials Breif Long Distance All or nothing
Graded Potentials Short Distance Variable Stregth Input signaling dendrites and cell body
How can graded potentials lose energy? - Answer Current Leak and Cytoplasmic resistance
Action Potential Happens When.... - Answer Graded potential depolarizes to threshold Voltage gated Na+ opens up Goes to peak then slower voltage K+ will repolarize K+ then closes and cell returns to resting membrane
Na+ will not open at refractory period
Explain how Na+ prevents backflow in an action potential - Answer Current flows towards depolarization. However, Na+ channels are closed action potential happens
Chemical factors that effect action potentials - Answer Alterations in ECF concentration of ions also affects effects electrical activity-Ca2+ and K+-Hyperkalemia brings neuron closer to threshold-Hypokalemia moves neuron further from threshold
Explain Neuron Communication - Answer Gap Junctions Unifies network of neurons
Describe Neurocrine receptors - Answer Iontropic receptors, called receptor channels G - proteins for neuromodulators Agonist and Antagonist models
Describe acetylcholine - Answer From choline (membrane phospholipids) Acetyl Coa Binds cholinergic receptors (nicotinic muscles (Skeletal)) (muscarinic parasympathetics)
Amines - Answer CNS Serotonin Histamine Dopamine Androgenic (Norepinephrine)
Amino Acids - Answer Glutamate - excitatory CNS
Aspartate - excitatory Brain
GABA - Inhibitory brain
Glycine - enhance glutamate
What are the 3 meninges? - Answer dura mater (thiccest), arachnoid mater, pia mater
Explain CSF and flow - Answer Nourishes brain, similar to plasma Made in the choroid plexus
Explain the blood brain barrier in high detail - Answer Highly selective permeable membrane Astrocytes promote tight gap junctions Prevent toxins and infection to get to brain.
Explain Neural Tissue sensitivity - Answer Brain receives 15% of blood needs high glucose (half of bodies supply) hypoglycemia can lead to detrimental symptoms
Explain anatomy of the spinal cord - Answer Dorsal Root - Afferent(sensor) nuclei Ventral Root
What horns contain what in grey matters of CNS. - Answer Dorsal - Visceral and Somatic Sensory Ventral - Somatic Lateral - Visceral
Cranial Nerves - Answer Olfactory - Smell Optic - Sight Oculomotor - Eye Movement Trochlear - Eye Movement Trigeminal - sensory from face, and chewing Abducens- eye movement
Facial - sensory for taste and salivary. facial expression Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance Glossopharyngeal - sensory in oral cavity, parotid gland Vagus - Visceral Shit Accessory - some neck and back muscles Hypoglossal - tongue
Function of the brain stem. - Answer Mid brain - eye movement Pons - Relay/Breathing Medulla Oblongota - Involuntary Fxn (blood pressure, vomiting, breathing, swallowing. Pyramids is where most crossing over happens. Reticular Foramen - Sleep, Muscles tone, arousal, pain modulation
Cerebellum Function - Answer Process sensory input Balance Equilibrium Motor Input
Diencephalon Function - Answer Homestasis of Body Contains Hypothalamus and what not Pituitary as well
Cerebrum Function - Answer Amygdala, and Gyrus - function and emotion Basal Ganglia - Movement Limbic System - higher function (learning and memory in the hippocampus)
Describe Speech Function - Answer Wernickes area - understanding speech
specialized response to special stimuli
