Download UCCS Physiology HPNU 3060 Chapter 7: Important Terminology and Concepts Study Set Exam and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
UCCS Physiology HPNU 3060 Chapter 7
Important Terminology And concepts
Study Set Exam
Cholesterol - Answer A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
Testosterone - Answer the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Estradiol - Answer a potent form of estrogen, a key hormone in the regulation of the female reproductive system and various other physiological processes
Aldosterone - Answer "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure
Half-life - Answer length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
Catecholamine - Answer a class of amines that includes the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Dopamine - Answer A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.
Epinephrine - Answer Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
Norepinephrine - Answer A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation
Thyroid hormone - Answer modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions
Vasopressin/ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answer promotes retention of water by kidneys; influences social behavior and bonding
Synergism - Answer combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone
Permissiveness - Answer one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone
being present
Antagonism - Answer the interaction between two substances (often hormones or neurotransmitters) where one substance opposes or inhibits the effect of the other.
Hypersecretion - Answer excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland
Hyposecretion - Answer deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
What are the three different types of hormones and how do they differ from each other?
- Answer peptide (or protein) hormones, steroid hormones, and amine hormones.
Key Differences:
Chemical Structure: Peptide hormones are chains of amino acids, steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, and amine hormones are derived from amino acids.
Solubility: Peptide hormones are water-soluble, steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, and amine hormones can be either.
Receptor Interaction: Peptide hormones bind to cell surface receptors, steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors, and amine hormones can bind to either cell surface or intracellular receptors depending on their solubility.
Differences between how lipophilic and lipophobic hormones work - Answer Lipophilic Hormones: Lipid-soluble, diffuse through cell membranes, and usually require carrier proteins in the bloodstream.
Lipophobic Hormones: Water-soluble, cannot cross cell membranes, and travel freely in the bloodstream.
How the peptide hormone synthesis process works and what the clinical significance ofthis process is. - Answer Peptide hormone synthesis involves the transcription of genes into mRNA, translation into preprohormones, post-translational modifications to form mature hormones, and secretion from cells. This process is essential for normal physiological function and has significant clinical implications.
How are the anterior and posterior pituitary different? - Answer Development and Structure:
Anterior Pituitary: Arises from oral ectoderm; glandular tissue with distinct hormone-producing cells.
Posterior Pituitary: Arises from brain tissue; neural extension of the hypothalamus.
Hormone Production and Release:
Anterior Pituitary: Produces and secretes its own hormones in response to hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors.
