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Approved Solutions.
UCF MAN 3025 exam 1-degeorge 115
Approved Solutions.
________ is having preconceived unreasonable attitudes regarding members of a certain demographic, population, or group - ANSWER-Prejudice
When prejudice becomes active, it turns into _________, a time when members of a group are given unfair treatment in the organization. - ANSWER-Discrimination
An unseen barrier that stops minority groups and women from attaining high positions in organizations, despite adequate experience and qualifications, is: - ANSWER-Glass Ceiling Effect
An arrangement of workers who collaborate to accomplish a collective goal is a: - ANSWER-Organization
Since an organization is a system that both responds to and has an effect on its environment, it is considered an _________ - ANSWER-Open System
____________ is a measure of "input" that describes how well resources were used in completing an objective - ANSWER-Performance efficiency
____________ is a measure of "output" in a form of a goal or objective accomplishment - ANSWER- Performance effectiveness
The lowest-level management position is that of a: - ANSWER-supervisor
____________have expertise in a single area, such as production, accounting, human resources, sales, or marketing - ANSWER-functional managers
______________is the psychological process of determining appropriate activities that achieve the objectives and goals of the organization - ANSWER-planning
Approved Solutions.
Douglas McGregor identifies two main approaches to management: Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor states that managers who subscribe to either theory will create a___________ - ANSWER-self-fulfilling prophecy
This refers to a field of study that analyzes the way goods and services are rendered and attempts to improve the process: - ANSWER-operations management
This utilizes different management approaches when the situation calls for it, because there is no 'one size fits all' solution to every problem. - ANSWER-contingency thinking
This type of organization is based on a structure with a specific hierarchy of authority, a well-defined division of labor, clear rules and procedures on behavior and performance, impersonal relationships, and career advancement based on merit. This classical approach to management is called: - ANSWER- Bureaucratic Organization
Those working in the field of operations management view an organization as a system, or a set of smaller coordinated parts that work in tandem to produce a desired result. These smaller coordinated parts of the system are known as: - ANSWER-Subsystems
There are three classical approaches to management, they are: - ANSWER-Bureaucratic organization, scientific management and administrative principles
Those working in the field of operations management view an organization as a ________, or a set of smaller coordinated parts that work in tandem to produce a desired result. - ANSWER-System
In the Hawthorne Studies, Elton Mayo led a series of studies that tried to test the effects of lighting and worker fatigue on _____ - ANSWER-Worker Productivity
In order to solve problems and reconcile differences, Mary Parker Follett believed there should be ________ between managers and employees. - ANSWER-Clear lines of communication
Approved Solutions.
__________ is a person's sense of fair treatment so far as it is involved the communication process. - ANSWER-Interactional Justice
This refers to the set of competencies that allow us to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions in ourselves and others. - ANSWER-Emotional Intelligence
This consists of the attitudes employees hold regarding factors in their work environment, particularly pay and benefits, the characteristics of the job, supervision, fellow workers, and opportunities for advancement. - ANSWER-Job satisfaction
Self-Efficacy has three dimensions, these are: - ANSWER-Magnitude, Strength, and Generality
When we observe someone else's behavior, we tend to overestimate the influence of personality traits and underestimate situational influences. This is a conclusion of: - ANSWER-Attribution theory
When the mind is interpreting and organizing sensations, this is known as: - ANSWER-Perception
This indicates the degree to which one's expectations are widespread across many situations or restricted to an isolated instance. - ANSWER-Generality
This refers to a belief in one's ability to perform a specific activity, determined primarily by how well the person has learned and practiced the task: - ANSWER-Self-efficacy
This dimension of the Big Five Personality Model represents the degree to which an individual is dependable or reliable. A person who rates high on this dimension is perceived as careful, organized, persistent, and hardworking. - ANSWER-Conscientiousness
This refers to the relative strength of an individual's identification with and involvement in an organization. - ANSWER-Organizational Commitment
Approved Solutions.
A manager notes that one of his employees is always on time. His perception of this employee's timeliness leads him to believe that this worker is also very smart. This is known as: - ANSWER-The Halo Effect
intellectual capital - ANSWER-the total sum of a workforce's knowledge and ability that can be used for the organization's benefit.
Employees are an organizations backbone - ANSWER-true
work force diversity - ANSWER-creating and maintain a workforce that is represented by groups of people of different age groups, ethnicities, genders, races, religions, and sexual orientations.
Prejudice - ANSWER-having preconceived unreasonable attitudes regarding:
1.)Members of a certain demographic population
2.)Race
3.)Gender
4.)Age
Discrimination - ANSWER-when members of a particular group are given substandard and unfair treatment
glass ceiling effect - ANSWER-an unseen barrier that stops minority groups and women from attaining high positions in organizations
Globalization - ANSWER-the process by which different countries and regions have become interdependent in regard to resources, markets, and competition
Ethics - ANSWER-a moral philosophy that differentiates between what is "right" and what Is "wrong" in the actions of an organization or individual
Approved Solutions.
(type of managerial role) - ANSWER-the way a manager analyzes and passes on information
-Disseminator
-Spokesperson
-Monitor
Decisional Roles
(type of managerial role) - ANSWER-the way a manager utilizes information when making a decision; the manager will attempt to solve problems and take advantage of opportunities
-Resource Allocator
-Disturbance Handler
-Negotiator
-Entrepreneur
networking - ANSWER-creates good relationships with many acquaintances and associates both inside and outside of the firm
social capital - ANSWER-the ability to utilize one's network connections and relationships to accomplish goals
skill - ANSWER-ability or proficiency that comes from one's knowledge or training
Technical Skills - ANSWER-special knowledge or expertise that allows a person to operate in a specialized field.
Human Skills - ANSWER-a person's social ability and the capacity to work well with others.
Conceptual Skills - ANSWER-allow a manager to think about and analyze complex or abstract situations.
Approved Solutions.
Bureaucratic Organization - ANSWER-An organizational structure that has a specific hierarchy of authority, defined division of labor, clear rules and procedures on performance and behavior, impersonal relationships, merit based career advancement
-Max Weber's Theory
Scientific Management - ANSWER-Frederick Taylor
Every employee does assigned tasks in the most efficient way
According to motion study, employees break down tasks into its fundamental activities. Analyze these activities and create standard operating procedures
Expanded on by:Frank and Lilian Gilberth- said that
4 basic elements - break down tasks into its essential components, select workers that have the right attributes and skillset for the job, effectively train workers and provide incentives, and management should provide assistance and direction.
Administrative Principles - ANSWER-Henry Fayol
Management can be taught
5 main duties:
Foresight—forecasting and planning for the future
Command—making sure the best workers are selected for the job and then both lead and evaluate them
Approved Solutions.
Self-actualization and the importance of social relationships at work
Theory X and Theory Y are opposites where theory x includes negative characteristics such as lazy worker, unmotivated, irresponsible; and theory y includes positive characteristics such as creative, willing to work, responsible, self-directed
Self- fulfilling prophecy: when one person's expectations cause another person to act as originally expected.
operations management - ANSWER-the way goods and services are renders and attempts to improve the process. Each subsystem (smaller coordinated parts, for e.g., finance department) must be functioning well and coordinating well with other subsystems for an organization to be effective.
operations research - ANSWER-Inventory Analysis: keeps inventory costs as low as possible
Mathematical Forecasting: helps predict future sales
Queuing Theory: helps allocate employees
Network Models: Reduce task, organize, and develop completion timeline
Contingency Thinking - ANSWER--Utilizing different management approaches when the situation calls for it. No "one size fits all".
-High uncertainty conditions require flexible, more information organizational structure with open lines of communication.
-Low uncertainty conditions require highly efficient and streamlined structure such as Weber's bureaucracy.
Total Quality Management (TQM) - ANSWER-Edward Deming and Joseph Juran
Approved Solutions.
Constant improvement in all aspects, effective employee training, and use of quantitative analysis
Knowledge Management - ANSWER-using information to gain an edge over the competition by cultivating, refusing, and sharing.
Learning Organizations (Peter Senge) - ANSWER-System's Thinking: become aware of how the organization functions
Mental Models: abandon the previous ways of thinking
Personal Mastery: devoted to learning
Shared Vision: members agree on a vision to pursue
Team Learning: align and act together to attain that vision
Evidence Based Management - ANSWER-Uses actual scientific data and information on which approaches really work to make management decisions
Scientific methods: observation of problem generate hypotheses create well-design studies analyze the data and draw conclusions choose to accept or reject the hypothesis.
Motivation - ANSWER-"to move"; initiating a behavior towards a set goal. Motivation at work is important to accomplish organization's goal(s).
Why is Motivation Important? - ANSWER-80/20 rule (80% of work comes from 20% of people)
Far fewer employees who are highly motivated to accomplish the organization's goal at work than there are who are highly motivate to do just enough to stay out of trouble.
Approved Solutions.
Achievement motivation - ANSWER-= need for achievement - fear of failure
-A person high in nACH may desire challenges but may not act upon it if the fear of failure is higher.
Process Theories: - ANSWER-Define the terms of a rational cognitive process
--Expectancy theory
1.)Expectancy: person's efforts will lead to performance
Define the terms of a rational cognitive process
2.)Instrumentality: if you do perform, you will be rewarded
3.)Valence: degree to which the reward is valuable to you
Adam's Equity theory - ANSWER---balance of fairness based on inputs and outputs
1.)Work inputs - e.g., time, talent, efforts, etc.
2.)Workplace outcomes - e.g., pay, bonuses, benefits, etc.
3.)Referents - others we compare ourselves to
The Caustic Effects of Unfairness - ANSWER-1.)Procedural justice: process of allocating reward or punitive measures is just
2.)Distributed justice: unfair distribution of resources
Approved Solutions.
3.)Interactional justice: sense of fair treatment in communication process
Two-Factor Theory (Motivator-Hygiene Theory) (Herzberg) - ANSWER-Hygiene factors - extrinsic to job, lead to dissatisfaction
Motivating factors - intrinsic to job, create satisfaction
Lessons highlighted on slide 14
---The absence of hygiene factors leads to dissatisfaction, but an abundance of these factors does not create motivation (satisfaction).
Intrinsic motivational factors lead to high levels of satisfaction (motivation).
Even jobs with relatively high levels of motivation factors that have low hygiene factors will usually not produce an environment conducive to motivation. Hence, efforts to provide recognition, achievement, etc., may be useless if the environment does not contain the fundamental elements that workers expect (hygiene factors).
Learning Theories
--Classical conditioning (Pavlov) - ANSWER-Conditioned response: when one event automatically triggers a fixed response
Learning Theories
--Operant conditioning (Skinner) - ANSWER-Law of effect: behaviors that are rewarded will tend to be repeated
Shaping behavior: rewarding incremental changes in behavior
Approved Solutions.
Perceptual process:
3 main components: - ANSWER-1.)Sensation- using our senses of sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing
2.)Attention- paying attention to the environmental stimuli that interest us.
How?
Size - the larger an object is, the more likely it is to be perceived
Intensity- The greater the intensity of a stimulus, the more likely it is to be noticed. Example: a loud noise.
Frequency- The greater the frequency a stimulus is presented, the more likely you will notice it. Example: repetition.
Contrast- stimuli that are different by color, size stand out.
Motion- stimuli that are moving stand out.
Novelty (new) - unique or new stimuli are noticed.
3.)Perception- involves organizing and interpreting the sensations we attend to
Perceptual inferences - ANSWER-This occurs when we tend to categorize people using limited pieces of information and then act on this information.
Perceptual organization - ANSWER-The process of grouping environmental stimuli into recognizable patterns.
Approved Solutions.
The process of grouping environmental stimuli into recognizable patterns. - ANSWER-Figure-ground- People tend to perceive objects that stand against a background
3 main aspects:
1.)Similarity - Stimuli that have common physical traits
2.)Proximity- Stimuli that occur in the same proximity
3.)Closure- Since most of the stimuli we perceive are incomplete, we naturally tend to extrapolate information and project additional information to form a complete picture.
Cognitive complexity - ANSWER-Occurs when we have complex thinking and reasoning structures, we are able to perceive small differences in what we see.
Perceptual errors: - ANSWER-Halo effect- refers to the tendency to allow one personality trait to influence our perceptions of other traits.
Selective perception - The process of systematically screening out information we do not wish to hear.
Implicit personality theories- Based on our interactions with many people, we create our own system of personality profiles and use them to categorize new acquaintances.
Projection- The tendency to attribute our own feelings and characteristics to others.
First impressions- The tendency to attribute our own feelings and characteristics to others. Allowing first impressions to have a disproportionate and lasting influence on later evaluations is known as the primacy effect.
Approved Solutions.
2.)When we observe someone else's behavior, we tend to overestimate the influence of personality traits and underestimate situational influences.
3.)As we observe others in casual situations, we tend to attribute their successes to personality traits, such as effort and ability, and their failures to external factors, such as the difficulty of the task.
4.)In evaluating the performance of employees, poor performance is generally attributed to internal personal factors, especially when the consequences are serious.
5.)Employees tend to attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external causes.
Big Five Personality Model - ANSWER-1.)Conscientiousness
2.)Agreeableness
3.)Emotional stability
4.)Openness to experience
5.)Extroversion
Locus of control - ANSWER-Employees tend to attribute their successes to internal factors and their failures to external causes. Internal/ external
Self- Esteem - ANSWER-Our self concept is a collection of the attitudes, values and beliefs we have acquired about ourselves from our unique experiences.
Self-Efficacy - ANSWER-Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in one's capability to perform a specific task. Based on Magnitude Strength and Generality
Attitudes - ANSWER-The positive or negative feelings we hold toward an object. 3 main components:
cognitive-beliefs and info
affective-feelings and emotions
Approved Solutions.
behavioral tendency-intent to behave
Emotions - ANSWER-Complex reactions that have physiological and psychological implications.
Play an important role in how we process new information and anticipate responding to it.
Emotional intelligence - ANSWER-Set of competencies that allow us to perceive, understand and regulate emotions in ourselves and others.
4 dimensions of emotional intelligence - ANSWER-Self-awareness: Self-awareness refers to understanding our own emotions as well as our strengths, weaknesses, values, and motives.
Self-management: Self-management represents how consistently we control our internal feelings, impulses, and reactions.
Social awareness: Social awareness is mainly about empathy, which involves understanding another person's situation, experiencing the other person's emotions, and knowing that person's needs even though they are unstated.
Relationship management: This dimension refers to managing other people's emotions.
Job Satisfaction - ANSWER-Attitudes employees hold regarding factors in their work environment, particularly pay and benefits, the characteristics of the job, supervision, fellow workers, and opportunities for advancement.
Problems with job satisfaction - ANSWER-1.)Attendance: Absenteeism and Tardiness
Related to job satisfaction
