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UCLA BDP MIDTERM EXAM
250 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) LATEST VERSION
"gingivitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> - color: red
- consistency: soft
- contour: rolled, swollen
- pocket depth: 1-3 mm
- cementoenamel junction (CEJ): bone crest within 2mm
- reversible"
"periodontitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> - color: red
- consistency: soft
- contour: rolled, swollen
- pocket depth: ≥ 4mm (bleeding)
- cementoenamel junction (CEJ): bone crest within ≥ 3mm
- irreversible, has bone loss"
"periodontitis risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER=> - poor oral hygiene
- smoking
- diabetes
- and more"
"(treatment modality - phase I) non-surgical therapy - CORRECT ANSWER=> - dental prophylaxis
(cleaning)
- scaling and root planing (SRP)"
"(treatment modality - phase II) surgical therapy - CORRECT ANSWER=> - crown lengthening
- osseous surgery
- gingival grafts"
"scaling and root planing (SRP) - CORRECT ANSWER=> - SCALING removes SUPRAgingival calculus
- ROOT PLANING removes SUBgingival calculus"
"osseous surgery - CORRECT ANSWER=> - removing bacteria and plaque from a deep pocket and re-
shaping the bone to remove the deep pocket"
"becoming a general dentist - CORRECT ANSWER=> (undergrad) DAT (dental school) INBDE, ADEX
(residency) AEGD, GPR (hospital term) (general dentist) private practice, group practice, DSO, military, clinic, hospital"
"general dentist - CORRECT ANSWER=> - graduated dental school (DDS, DMD)
- main provider (oversee the general oral health of patients of all ages)
- diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases (provide care in a multidisciplinary approach)"
"diagnose, treatment, and prevention - CORRECT ANSWER=> - diagnosis (clinical exam, radiographs,
patient symptoms)
- treatment (catered to the patient and their diagnosis)
- prevention (oral hygiene instructions, education)
- refer (know when cases should be handled by specialists)"
"treatment - CORRECT ANSWER=> - restorative (fillings, crowns, bridges)
- endodontics (root canals, pulpal therapy)
- orthodontics (braces, retainers)
- pediatrics (dental care for children)
- oral surgery (extractions, implants)
- periodontics (gum surgery)
- prosthodontics (dentures, partials)"
"restorative treatment - CORRECT ANSWER=> filling, crown, bridge"
"reference questions - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) do you have adequate training for this case?
- if something goes wrong, will you be able to fix it?
- do you have the proper equipment?
- does your staff have adequate training?"
"multidisciplinary approach - CORRECT ANSWER=> collaborate with specialists and specialists work
with each other to provide patients with individualized high treatment plans at a high standard of care"
"SUPREME - use - CORRECT ANSWER=> helps general dentists treatment plan by giving them a
systematic approach on how to prioritize necessary treatment"
- x-ray beam is ATTENUATED"
"radiolucent - CORRECT ANSWER=> - black
- LOW degree of mineralization
- eg. soft tissue, empty air
- x-ray beam is NOT ATTENUATED"
"radiopacity - CORRECT ANSWER=> - a gradient
- the degree of radiopacity depends on the material's DEGREE OF MINERALIZATION
- metal --> enamel --> dentin --> pulp --> air"
"periapical radiographs - CORRECT ANSWER=> - intraoral
- capture the entire tooth + surrounging bone
- anterior periapical
- posterior periapical"
"bitewing radiographs - CORRECT ANSWER=> - intraoral
- capture the crowns (maxillary + mandibular), and the alveolar crest of posterior teeth"
"panoramic radiograph - CORRECT ANSWER=> - extraoral
- an imaging technique which captures the entire maxillary and mandibular arches, as well as adjacent structures
- the x-ray source and image receptor rotate around the patient's head to create a "pano""
"dental radiographs - uses - CORRECT ANSWER=> - detect dental caries, periapical lesions, bony
pathology (cancer)
- evaluate tooth development in children, or third molars, or periodontal status
- orthodontic treatment planning
- many more"
"radiation safety - risks - CORRECT ANSWER=> - radiation-induced cancer caused by DNA damage
- small dose carries some risk for radiation-induced cancer
- thyroid and breast are more sensitive to carcinogenesis from radiation
- children are 3 times more susceptible than adults
- long latent period between exposure and carcinogenesis (years to decades)"
"radiation safety - CORRECT ANSWER=> - for diagnostic imaging, the benefit to the patient far
outweighs the radiation associated risks
- routine dental radiography is very safe"
"principles of radiation protection - CORRECT ANSWER=> - justification: does the benefit exceed the
risk?
- optimization: radiation exposure to patient and staff should be AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE (ALARA)
- use DIGITAL sensors, RECTANGULAR collimation, thyroid colars, protective lead aprons"
"racial and ethnic disparities - CORRECT ANSWER=> - racial and ethnic minorities tend to receive poor
quality care, even when accounting for income and insurance status
- leads to poor health outcomes that could have been prevented
- unequal opportunities + poor health = shorter lives"
"what factors determine health? - CORRECT ANSWER=> - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS (40%)
- health behaviors (30%)
- clinical care (10%)
- physical environment (10%)
- genes and biology (10%)"
"social determinants of health (SDOH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> the conditions in the environments
where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affects a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks
- economic stability
- social & community context
- neighborhood & environment
- health care
- education"
"SDOH - economic stability - CORRECT ANSWER=> employment, income, expenses, debt, medical bills,
support"
"SDOH - neighborhood and physical environment - CORRECT ANSWER=> housing, transportation,
parks, playgrounds, walkability, zip code/geography"
"SDOH - education - CORRECT ANSWER=> literacy, language, early childhood education, vocational
training, higher education"
"SDOH - food - CORRECT ANSWER=> food security, access to healthy options"
"SDOH - community, safety, & social context - CORRECT ANSWER=> social integration, support
systems, community engagement, stress, exposure to violence/trauma, policing/justice policy"
- being self-conscious about oral issues"
"rates of unaddressed dental disease among 20- to 64-year-olds by race, 2011- 12 - CORRECT
ANSWER=> black and hispanic adults have more untreated tooth decay (42%)"
"overall health - CORRECT ANSWER=> - minorities of racial and ethnic backgrounds often experience
lower-quality healthcare
- leading to worse health outcomes for conditions that could have been prevented or treated"
"CULTURAL HUMILITY - CORRECT ANSWER=> - critical self-reflection
- ongoing learning, understanding, curiosity
- attitude: knowing that you do not have all the answers
- love, paassion, empathy, equality"
"cultural competence - CORRECT ANSWER=> - knowing the background of cultures
- knowing a culture's values
- attitude: feeling as if you know everything there is to know
- concrete, finite set of facts"
"ethics - CORRECT ANSWER=> moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an
activity"
"ethics in dentistry - CORRECT ANSWER=> the dental profession holds a special position of TRUST
within society. as a consequence, society affords the profession certain privileges that are not available to members of the public at large. in return, the profession makes a COMMITMENT to society that its members will adhere to high ethical standards of conduct"
"ADA code of ethics principles - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1) patient autonomy
- non-maleficence
- beneficence
- justice
- veracity"
"patient autonomy - CORRECT ANSWER=> - "self-governance"
- dentist has to involve patients in treatment decisions, weighing risks & benefits
- patients have a right to determine their treatment
- dentist has to respect patient's desires and confidentiality of records (HIPAA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)"
"non-maleficence - CORRECT ANSWER=> - "do no harm"
- responsibility not to harm the patient
- stay up to date with knowledge/skills/education
- refer if we are not comfortable with a procedure"
"beneficence - CORRECT ANSWER=> - "do good"
- obligation to benefit others
- cater to needs, desires, values of patients
- patients come first"
"justice - CORRECT ANSWER=> - "fairness"
- treat patients fairly and equally
- respect patients, regardless of other factors"
"veracity - CORRECT ANSWER=> - "truthfulness"
- truthful to patients
- honesty is key in dentist-patient relationship"
"code of ethics - takeaways - CORRECT ANSWER=> - promote health and well-being of patients
- patient comes first
- inform patient of all risks, benefits, and costs
- be truthful and obey the law
- provide respectful care to patient
- be compassionate and have professionalism
- refer patients when necessary
- promote safe and healthy office environment"
"prosthodontist - CORRECT ANSWER=> - specialism in the esthetic restoration of broken-down teeth
and the replacement of missing teeth
- contain an advanced understanding of your smile's optimal look and function
- specialist for dentures, implants, crowns, bridges, and veneers"
"prosthodontics - function - CORRECT ANSWER=> - restore missing tooth
- improves occlusion
- treating TMJ disorder
- enhance speech"
"prosthodontics - esthetics - CORRECT ANSWER=> - create beautiful smiles
- color matching
- improve tooth alignment
- replace disordered or damaged teeth"
"composite - advantages - CORRECT ANSWER=> - esthetics
- minimal tooth prep
- reasonable wear properties"
"composite - disadvantages - CORRECT ANSWER=> - expensive
- technique sensitive
- risk of microleakage"
"glass ionomer - advantages - CORRECT ANSWER=> - fluoride release
- esthetic
- minimal tooth preparation"
"glass ionomer - disadvantages - CORRECT ANSWER=> - technique sensitive
- not as esthetic compared to composite
- brittle"
"gold - CORRECT ANSWER=> - known for their metallic luster and smooth surface texture
- application: used for posterior teeth, especially molars and premolas
- advantages: chosen for exceptional strength and durability, making them suitable for teeth that endure heavy chewing forces"
"porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) - CORRECT ANSWER=> - metal provides strength while the porcelain
provides esthetics
- applications: often used for crowns and bridges, especially in posterior teeth, where strength is crucial
- advantages: they combine the strength of metal with the esthetics of porcelain, making them suitable with heavy chewing forces"
"porcelain (ceramic) - CORRECT ANSWER=> - a tooth-colored ceramic material that closely resembles
natural tooth enamel in terms of color, translucency, and wear resistance
- application: used for a wide range of esthetic restorations, including veneers, crowns, inlays, onlays, and bridges
- advantage: known for their lifelike appearance. they are particularly suitable for anterior restorations"
"zirconia - CORRECT ANSWER=> - type of ceramic material known for its strength and durability
- applications: commonly used for full ceramic crowns and bridges, particularly in posterior region
- advantages: offer excellent strength and esthetics. they are known for their biocompatibility and can withstand high chewing forces"
"principles of smile design - CORRECT ANSWER=> - central incisor width/height ratio
- mesial inclination
- smile line
- shade
- buccal corridor
- and more !"
"central incisor height/width ratio - CORRECT ANSWER=> - central incisors are the two front teeth in
the upper dental arch
- the width ratio should be about 75-80% (golden proportion)"
"mesial inclination - CORRECT ANSWER=> - each upper tooth visible in the smile should have a slight
inclination or tilt toward the midline
- smile line and esthetics
- spacing and alignment
- midline alignment"
"smile line - CORRECT ANSWER=> the incisal or biting edge of the upper teeth should parallel or follow
the contour of the lower line in a relaxed or slight smile"
"shade - CORRECT ANSWER=> - teeth should have a uniform bright color or shade
- achieve a natural appearance
- harmonious smile
- patient satisfaction"
"buccal corridor - CORRECT ANSWER=> the space between the buccal surface of the maxillary teeth
and the corners of the mouth during a smile"
"digital smile design tools and software - CORRECT ANSWER=> - dental photography
- intraoral scanners
- digital shade guides
- CAD/CAM technology"
"dental photography - CORRECT ANSWER=> - great way to display different aspects of a patient's
mouth
- great for before and after pictures
- good way to show off your work"
"CAD/CAM - CORRECT ANSWER=> - computer aided design (CAD)
- computer aided manufacturing (CAM)
- THE PROCESS (preparation, scan tooth preparation, design restoration, mill restoration, glaze and bake)"
"down syndrome - dental considerations - CORRECT ANSWER=> - appointment modifications (develop
trust at early age, short, early appointments, minimize distractions, behavior management)
- dental implications (EARLY ONSET SEVERE PERIODONTAL DISEASE, delayed eruption of permanent teeth, missing/malformed teeth, bruxism, tongue-thrusting, hypersensitive gag reflex)"
"cerebral palsy - CORRECT ANSWER=> - a group of conditions that affect movement and posture
- difficulty walking, speaking, eating, swallowing, hearing, feeling sensations such as pain
- SOME learning and/or intellectual disabilities"
"cerebral palsy - dental considerations - CORRECT ANSWER=> - appointment modifications (use short,
clear instructions, can treat children in wheelchairs, general anesthesia is often indicated)
- dental implications (potential increased risk for caries and periodontal disease, dental erosion due to gastroesophageal reflux, delayed eruption of permanent teeth, tongue thrusting, hypersensitive gag reflex)"
"multiple sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER=> - a degenerative disease of the central nervous system
where the immune system attacks the protective nerve sheath (MYELIN), disrupting the signal between one's brain and body
- numbness, weakness, tingling of limbs, unsteady gait or inability to walk, lack of coordination, problems with bowel and bladder function"
"multiple sclerosis - dental considerations - CORRECT ANSWER=> - appointment modifications
(accessibility, OHI modifications and proper dental supplies)
- dental implications (oral hygiene self-care challenges, increased caries, gingivitis, periodontitis risk, medication side effects: xerostomia, increased risk of infection)"
"anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER=> - a group of mental illnesses that cause constant and overwhelming
anxiety and fear
- intensely avoiding feared objects/places, panic and fear, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, dizziness"
"anxiety - dental considerations - CORRECT ANSWER=> - appointment modifications
(ANXIOLYTICS/NITROUS OXIDE, distraction techniques, be supportive and non-judgmental)
- dental implications (medication side effects: xerostomia (dry mouth), avoidance of necessary dental care --> higher risk)"
"vision impairment - CORRECT ANSWER=> vision loss, whether partial vision loss or complete
blindness"
"low vision or partial blindness - CORRECT ANSWER=> uncorrectable vision loss that interferes with
daily activities"
"legal blindness - CORRECT ANSWER=> vision is 20/200 even when corrected with glasses or contact
lenses"
"complete blindess - CORRECT ANSWER=> cannot see or detect light"
"vision impairment - dental considerations - CORRECT ANSWER=> - appointment modifications
(accessibility, dependence on sound, speech, and touch, incorporate Braille or audio oral hygiene instructions, "tell-feel-do" behavior management technique)
- dental implications (oral hygiene self-care challenges, increased caries, gingivitis, periodontitis risk)"
"hearing impairment - CORRECT ANSWER=> the complete or partial loss of ability to hear from one or
both ears"
"mild hearing loss - CORRECT ANSWER=> may hear some speech sounds but soft sounds are hard to
hear"
"moderate hearing loss - CORRECT ANSWER=> may hear almost no speech when another person is
talking at a normal level"
"severe hearing loss - CORRECT ANSWER=> will hear no speech when a person is talking at a normal
level and only some loud sounds"
"hearing impairment - dental considerations - CORRECT ANSWER=> - appointment modifications (ask
patient how they communicate, remove mask or use clear mask to speak, patient may wat to adjust or turn off hearing aid during treatment)
- dental implications (oral hygiene self-care challenges, increased caries, gingivitis, periodontitis risk)"
"etiquette - be respectful - CORRECT ANSWER=> - greet as you would anyone else
- speak how you like to be spoken to
- talk directly to the person, not their caregiver"
"etiquette - do not assume - CORRECT ANSWER=> - do not assume a person with a disability needs
help
"etiquette - patience is key - CORRECT ANSWER=> - some patients may need more time"
"interproximal caries - CORRECT ANSWER=> - radiographs are really good at detection of interproximal
caries
- "double stacked triangles" - spreads along the DEJ, does the opposite in occlusal caries"
"classification of interproximal caries - CORRECT ANSWER=> E0 - sound tooth structure
E1 - radiolucency in outer half of enamel E2 - radiolucency in inner half of enamel D1 - radiolucency in outer third of dentin D2 - radiolucency in middle third of dentin D3 - radiolucency in inner third of dentin"
"sound tooth structure - CORRECT ANSWER=> ICDAS 0/interproximal E
"initial carious lesions - ICDAS 1 - CORRECT ANSWER=> - pits and fissures (when wet - no color
difference, when dried - see frosting)
- smooth surface (when wet - no color difference, when dried - will see a change in color, white/brown)"
"initial carious lesions - ICDAS 2 - CORRECT ANSWER=> - white spot lesions and browns discoloration
when WET
- discolorations usually go beyond the pit and fissures"
"initial carious lesions - CORRECT ANSWER=> ICDAS 1, ICDAS 2, E1, E2, D1"
"moderate carious lesions - CORRECT ANSWER=> ICDAS 3, ICDAS 4, D2"
"moderate carious lesions - ICDAS 3 - CORRECT ANSWER=> localized ENAMEL BREAKDOWN with NO
visible dentin or underlying SHADOW"
"moderate carious lesions - ICDAS 4 - CORRECT ANSWER=> SHADOWING with enamel breakdown,
dentin not exposed"
"advanced carious lesions - CORRECT ANSWER=> ICDAS 5, ICDAS 6, D3"
"advanced carious lesions - ICDAS 5 - CORRECT ANSWER=> cavitation EXPOSING DENTIN LESS THAN
1/2 of the tooth"
"advanced carious lesions - ICDAS 6 - CORRECT ANSWER=> cavitation EXPOSISNG DENTIN MORE THAN
1/2 of the tooth"
"dental caries - preventative factors - CORRECT ANSWER=> - saliva
- staying above critical pH
- fluoride
- oral hygiene instructions"
"salivary protective factors - CORRECT ANSWER=> - flow of saliva
- mucoproteins
- PROVIDE BUFFERING CAPACITY (contains calcium and phosphate ions to help remineralize teeth, normal saliva can recover acid attack in 20 minutes (longer for xerostomic patients))"
"importance of fluoride - CORRECT ANSWER=> - fluoridated water is one of the 10 greatest public
health achievements of the 20th century
- replaces hydroxide ions in hydroxyapatite --> fluorapatite
- CRITICAL pH REDUCED TO 4.5"
"fluoride - pros - CORRECT ANSWER=> - more resistant to tooth demineralization
- beneficial to everyone especially to those without access to dental care
- SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AT 0.7 PPM"
"fluoride - cons - CORRECT ANSWER=> - fluorosis (as tooth is developing, excessive fluoride exposure
can lead to hypomineralized enamel, esthetic issue, fluorapatite)
- skeletal weakness (increase risk of fracture)"
"oral hygiene instructions (OHI) - CORRECT ANSWER=> - brush 2x/day, floss 2x/day
- use FLUORIDATED toothpaste
- drink fluoridated water"
"orofacial pain - CORRECT ANSWER=> pain/dysfunction in the head and neck region"
"muscles of mastication - CORRECT ANSWER=> temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid"
"trigeminal nerve - CORRECT ANSWER=> three branches of trigeminal nerve ophthalmic (V1), maxillary
(V2), mandibular (V3)"
"temporomandibular joint (TMJ) - CORRECT ANSWER=> "
"band placement - CORRECT ANSWER=> posterior disk band should be at 12 O'CLOCK position above
the condyle"
"sleep disorders - CORRECT ANSWER=> sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea two common
disorders
- can have long term consequences if left untreated"
"sleep bruxism - CORRECT ANSWER=> - primary or secondary (primary - no known medical or dental
cause, secondary - caused by something else like Parkinson's or medication)
- presence of one or more of the following: abnormal tooth wear, morning jaw pain/fatigue, locking on awakening"
"obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> - sleep disruption leading to excessive daytime
sleepiness
- episodes of breathing cessation or slowing during sleep
- loud snoring
- dry mouth or headache in morning
- must be diagnosed with a formal sleep study"
"three main types of headaches - CORRECT ANSWER=> tension, migraine, cluster"
"tension headache - CORRECT ANSWER=> - most prevalent
- at least two of the following: pressing/tightening, mild/moderate severity, bilateral location, no aggravation by physical activity"
"migraine headache - CORRECT ANSWER=> - with or without aura (visual/sensory/motor symptom
before migraine attack)
- lasts about 4 to 72 hours
- unilateral location, pulsating, moderate or severe, aggravation by physical activity
- nausea and/or vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia"
"cluster headache - CORRECT ANSWER=> - severe unilateral orbital, supraorbital, and/or temporal
paint lasting 15-180 minutes
- ipsilateral nasal congestion, ipsilateral eyelid swelling, ipsilateral forehead and facial swelling, ipsilateral miosis and/or ptosis, sense of restlessness or agitation"
"treating symptoms of anterior disc displacement w/out reduction - CORRECT ANSWER=> anterior
advancement splint, NSAID's, physical therapy, arthrocentesis, arthroscopic surgery"
"treating symptoms of arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER=> NSAID's, corticosteroids, joint injections"
"treating symptoms of muscular pain - CORRECT ANSWER=> myofascial training (stretching, moist heat
and ice, decreasing muscle load, trigger point injections, botox)"
"treating symptoms of nerve pain - CORRECT ANSWER=> medications, surgery, injections"
"treating symptoms of sleep bruxism - CORRECT ANSWER=> occlusal splints, medications, behavioral
training, botox, occlusal adjustments are NEVER indicated"
"treating symptoms of OSA - CORRECT ANSWER=> continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), tongue
retaining appliance, mandibular advancement devices (may change occlusion)"
"endodontics - CORRECT ANSWER=> the branch of dentistry concerned with the morphology,
physiology, and pathology of the human dental DENTAL PULP AND PERIAPICAL tissues"
"dental traumas - CORRECT ANSWER=> crack, avulsion, fracture, intrusion"
"dental infection - CORRECT ANSWER=> BACTERIA from dental caries and biofilm are the primary
cause of pulp and periapical diseases
- dentin is made of permeable dentinal tubules
- bacteria can travel through them even without pulp exposure"
"pupal tests - vitality testing - CORRECT ANSWER=> cold test (most reliable), heat test, electric pulp
testing (EPT)"
"cold test - CORRECT ANSWER=> a cotton pellet with endo ice is placed on the crown of the tooth"
"periapical tests - surrounding tissue - CORRECT ANSWER=> percussion, palpation, bite tests"
"reversible pulpitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> - mild inflammation of the pulp due to caries, trauma,
whitening
- treatment: filling or crown, no RCT needed"
"irreversible pulpitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> - severe inflammation of the pulp
- symptomatic: SPONTANEOUS PAIN AND/OR LINGERING THERMAL PAIN
- asymptomatic: no pain
- treatment: root canal therapy (RCT)"
"pulpal necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER=> - death of pulp tissue
- symptoms: no pain, no response to cold
- treatment: RCT"
