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Unit 1- Clinical Psychology Exam 2023
1.1: Which profession serves as the major front line provider of psychosocial (not pharmacologic)mental health services? a.Clinical psychologist b.Nurse practitioner c.Social Worker d.Counseling psychologist e.None of the above - ANS-c.Social Worker 1.2: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good measure? a.It is objective b.It is useful c.It is reliable d.It is valid e.It has magnitude - ANS-e.It has magnitude 1.3: What does it mean for a measure to be reliable? a.It is always available b.It measures what it claims to measure c.It is standardized d.It is precise and consistent e.It tells us something we didn't already know - ANS-d.It is precise and consistent 1.4: A measure that accurately assesses the construct (or concept) of interest is considered a.Reliable b.Valid c.Useful d.Objective e.None of the above - ANS-b.Valid 1.5: True or False: Claims about how well we can predict and treat clinical phenomena frequently are stronger than are justified by the data. a.True b.False - ANS-a.True 1.6: True or False: Claims that cannot be replicated independently across studies, laboratories, and methods are not scientific (or outside the realm of science). a.True b.False - ANS-a.True 1.7: Which of the following accurately describes how evidence-based approaches are used in a typical contemporary clinical setting in the United States? a.Assessment in contemporary clinical psychology is highly scientifically grounded b.Most people in therapy in the United States receive evidence-based psychotherapy
c.Clinicians often draw primarily from their personal experience to treat clients instead of relying primarily on evidence-based methods d.Clinicians often update their treatment methods to include new techniques that have been shown to be effective e.None of the above - ANS-c.Clinicians often draw primarily from their personal experience to treat clients instead of relying primarily on evidence- based methods 1.17: Suppose that a new measure of weight concern is administered three times to a large sample of undergraduates. The researcher notes that the scores for individual undergraduates are highly consistent -- for example, those who show greater weight concern at the first assessment are very likely to show greater weight concern at the second and third assessment. This suggests that the new measure is a.Valid b.Reliable c.Useful d.Objective - ANS-b.Reliable 1.8: True or False: If a clinician uses a treatment that has not been evaluated in the anxiety research literature but that her clients tell her has helped with their anxiety, she is using an evidence-based treatment. a.True b.False - ANS-b.False 1.9: In which of the following activities can a clinical psychologist engage? a.Public policy b.Teaching c.Clinic administration d.Service provision e.All of the above - ANS-e.All of the above 1.10: True or False: Pseudoscience refers to strong claims with weak (or no) empirical evidence supporting them. a.True b.False - ANS-a.True 1.11: Scientifically based claims a.Are based on anecdotal evidence b.Use subjective measurement strategies c.Are falsifiable d.Are stronger than supported by the evidence e.Show diverging support across studies - ANS-c.Are falsifiable 1.12: True or False: The science-practice gap refers to the relative lack of reliance on evidence-based assessment and treatment strategies in mental health care. a.True b.False - ANS-a.True
practice gap? Similarly, how might the science-practice gap affect an individual who is seeking care for psychological difficulties? - ANS-Many factors contribute to the science-practice gap. Research outlining empirically supported treatments, first, takes time to gain enough well conducted, replicated studies to be deemed effective. Further, after determining a treatment to be effective, providers need careful training in order to be able to deliver the treatment as it is intended. Therefore, there may be a time lag between the findings of the research and its use in practice. Also, there may be barriers to actual implementation of the treatment. For example, some institutions may not have the personnel, time, resources (finances), orspace to house a treatment known to be effective. A study conducted in a research setting may be difficult to move out into the real world. Third, social workers are the majority of the front-line service providers of psychological treatment today. On average, social work programs provide less training in empirically supported treatments than clinical psychology programs (although some social work programs provide quite a bit of training in this area, and some clinical programs provide very limited training in this area). Thus, much of the work force is not trained to provide evidence-based treatments, and it can be very expensive and time- consuming to "re-train" in more evidence-based approaches. Fourth, there may be barriers due to attitudes and clinical beliefs - some providers may be resistant to learning new techniques, particularly those which differ from their training and clinical perspectives. One consequence of the science-practice gap is that many clients do not receive evidence-based treatments for their presenting problems. Occasionally they receive treatments that have been shown in the literature to be harmful, but more often they receive treatments that have not be evaluated in the literature or which have been shown to be ineffective, even though effective treatments are available. Over time, this influences public opinion about psychological services, as some consider psychological care to be less scientific and trustworthy than medical care. Thought Question 4: What does it mean to say that there is a "replicability crisis" in clinical psychology (and in the field of psychology, more generally)? - ANS-A number of important research findings in clinical psychology - and in the field of psychology, more generally - have not proven to be replicable. In other words, when other research teams ran similar studies and attempted to show similar findings, their results did not converge with those initially reported. Non-replicable findings are problematic because they can lead the field astray - i.e., we might pursue ideas or rely on assessment strategies, or administer treatment approaches in part because of findings that don't hold up. This is not in the best interest of clients (or consumers, or patients, if you'd prefer this language). The frequency with which non-replicable findings are published in (clinical) psychology) is referred to as a "replicability crisis" and has been reported widely in the media over the last several years. In part as a result of this, many of the best journals are now requiring that investigators demonstrate the replicability of their findings at least once before they potentially can be considered for publication. Thought Question 5: Suppose that a researcher has developed a new measure of suicide risk that indicates whether someone is at low, medium, or high risk of attempting to kill themselves. Further suppose that an initial study with 100 suicidal patients demonstrated that the measure showed a reliable/significant but weak/small association
with whether the patients actually attempted suicide. Finally, suppose that the researcher promotes this measure as providing a highly accurate indicator of whether a person will attempt suicide. What, if any, concerns do you have about this overstatement of the magnitude of the findings? - ANS-A number of important research findings in clinical psychology - and in the field of psychology, more generally - have not proven to be replicable. In other words, when other research teams ran similar studies and attempted to show similar findings, their results did not converge with those initially reported. Non-replicable findings are problematic because they can lead the field astray
- i.e., we might pursue ideas or rely on assessment strategies, or administer treatment approaches in part because of findings that don't hold up. This is not in the best interest of clients (or consumers, or patients, if you'd prefer this language). The frequency with which non-replicable findings are published in (clinical) psychology) is referred to as a "replicability crisis" and has been reported widely in the media over the last several years. In part as a result of this, many of the best journals are now requiring that investigators demonstrate the replicability of their findings at least once before they potentially can be considered for publication. Thought Question 6: Why might a clinician dismiss seemingly relevant empirical/research evidence when making a decision about how to treat a client with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? - ANS-Mental-health providers vary a great deal in the extent to which empirical evidence, or the research literature, has an impact on their clinical decision making. Some clinicians' decisions about assessment and treatment strategies are influenced much more by their personal judgments of what is best for an individual client, given that they have many years of training and experience assessing/treating clients who report that the services they've received have been effective. Some clinicians also are very concerns that research-based findings may not generalize (or apply) to their individual client, and some would go as far as to suggest that relying on empirical evidence when making clinical decisions is dehumanizing (i.e., minimizes the importance of the unique characteristics and experiences and concerns of a specific client). 2.1: Which of the following are relevant factors for defining abnormality? a. Distress b. Harm to self or others c. Developmental stage d. A and C e. All of the above - ANS-e. All of the above 2.2: A clinical syndrome is a collection symptoms. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 2.3: Which of the following is an exclusion criterion for a mental disorder? a. Distress b. Harm to self or others c. Conflict between individual and society
c. Course d. Treatment e. All of the above - ANS-e. All of the above 2.12: It is possible that the symptoms of two people diagnosed with ADHD may have very few overlapping symptoms. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 2.13: The stigma of mental illness has declined across the last several decades but persists at a high level. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 2.14: Diagnostic criteria for disorders typically indicate what must be "ruled out" before making a diagnosis (i.e., that the presentation is not better accounted for by other disorders, conditions, or experiences). a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 2.15: What of the following might be included for a specific client in a diagnostic assessment in the DSM-5? a. Degree to which the presenting problems are disabling b. Current medical conditions c. Current financial difficulties d. A and B e. A, B, and C - ANS-e. A, B, and C 2.16: What is the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in the United States? a. Less than 5% b. Between 5% and 10% c. Between 10% and 25% d. Between 25% and 40% e. Over 70% - ANS-e. Over 70% 2.17: Comorbidity does not challenge the validity of the diagnostic system. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 2.18: Suppose that a researcher evaluates whether aspects of cognitive functioning among high-school students predict the development of ADHD when they are college students. This researcher's work is best described as focusing on the ______ of ADHD. a. Treatment b. Course c. Etiology d. Epidemiology - ANS-c. Etiology
2.19: What is the main concern about biases in the diagnostic system? a. It overestimates psychopathology in women. b. It overestimates psychopathology in minorities. c. It underestimates psychopathology in women. d. It underestimates psychopathology in minorities. e. Both A and B - ANS- 2.20: Which of the following are challenges to the diagnostic validity of DSM-5? a. Homogeneity in etiology for those receiving the same diagnosis b. No utility for treatment planning c. Heterogeneity of symptom presentations within a diagnosis d. Low comorbidity e. B and C - ANS-c. Heterogeneity of symptom presentations within a diagnosis
- The idea that abnormality lies on a continuum with normality considers abnormality to be: a. Categorical b. Adjacent c. Orthogonal d. Dimensional e. None of the above - ANS-d. Dimensional 2.22: The DSM-5 provides 5 key specifications for diagnostic assessment. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 2.23: The following changes occurred with the DSM-5: a. Inclusion of Prementrual Dysphoric Disorder as a diagnosis b. Anxiety Disorders were removed from the DSM c. Decreased focus on psychosocial and contextual factors d. Anorexia nervosa was eliminated from the DSM e. A and C - ANS-a. Inclusion of Prementrual 2.24: Research on the causes of panic disorder focuses on the _________ of the disorder. a. Epidemiology b. Course c. Etiology d. Treatment - ANS-c. Etiology 2.25: Which of the following are specifications for diagnostic assessment according to the DSM-5? a. Disability b. Contextual and psychosocial factors c. Clinical diagnosis
2.32: Receiving a DSM-5 diagnosis a. Can be normalizing and empowering to some clients b. Can be a basis for self stigmatization c. Both A and B - ANS-c. Both A and B 2.33: Which of the following statements is true? a. Newer versions of the DSM are less reliable than older versions b. All diagnoses and diagnostic criteria in the DSM are based on strong empirical evidence c. The DSM helps the field to organize, describe, and communicate about psychopathology d. Cultural, political, and personal biases never affect what diagnoses and diagnostic criteria are included in the DSM - ANS-c. The DSM helps the field to organize, describe, and communicate about psychopathology 2.34: Suppose that kappa for diagnosis of bulimia is .45. How would you characterize the inter-rater reliability of this diagnostic category? a. poor b. fair c. excellent - ANS-b. fair 2.35: The research literature is most consistent with a _______ conceptualization of psychopathology. a. Dimensional b. Categorical c. Truthful d. Stigmatizing e. None of the above - ANS-a. Dimensional 2.36: Diagnostic validity remains challenging in the DSM-5. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 2.37. Diagnosing mental disorders is a way to help people get services, but diagnoses also can be stigmatizing. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 2.38: Inconsistency in diagnostic judgments across time indicates a. High inter-rater reliability b. Low inter-rater reliability c. High test-retest reliability d. Low test-retest reliability - ANS-d. Low test-retest reliability 2.39: Both distress and impairment in functioning are required inclusion criteria for mental disorders.
a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 2.40: Thought Question: How is the increasing interrater reliability of the DSM helpful to psychologists in clinical practice and research? - ANS-Increasing interrater reliability means that it is more likely that different mental-health professionals would diagnose someone with the same disorder. This facilitates the development and delivery of treatments that are better tailored to each homogenous group that meets the criteria for a particular disorder. 2.41: Thought Question: In some cases, the disorders included in the DSM are not well supported by research. In these cases, what are they based on? - ANS-There are three main influences: 1. Expert judgment/personal experience (which may or may not be evidence-based) 2. Consensus (panel of experts who vote) 3. Politics (strong, personal beliefs held by influential people in the field) 2.42: Thought Question: Discuss some of the pros and cons of including Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in the DSM5. - ANS-Pros: Research suggests that PDD is "real" and is associated with significant distress and impairment for some women. Pros: This validates and normalizes the experience of women who struggle with these issues. Including PDD in the DSM-5 also potentially allows third-party payment for therapeutic services provided to these women, some of which have been shown in the research literature to be helpful. Cons: Some opponents to the inclusion of PDD in the DSM- 5 argue that "PDD" is a normal phenomenon common to many women and that including it in the DSM-5 pathologizes normal behavior and is an example of bias against women 2.43: Thought Question: Why does the prevalence of mental disorders raise concerns about the DSM-5? - ANS-"Disorders" and "abnormal behavior" almost by definition should be rare. Over 70% of people meet criteria for a mental disorder at some point in their lives, however. This raises questions about the extent to which the DSM pathologizes normality (or over-diagnoses mental illness). 2.44: Thought Question: Why does the field continue to debate the structure of mental disorders? - ANS-There is ongoing debate in the field over whether psychopathology is categorical or continuous (dimensional). The field debates this issue because a categorical approach is consistent with the DSM but inconsistent with the research on most disorders. On the other hand, a continuous approach to psychopathology is inconsistent with the DSM, but more consistent with the research literature for most disorders. Assessment and treatment are (arguably) easier when a categorical approach is adopted, because it is more difficult to specify when a person "has" mental illness or should receive third-party payment for treatment services when a dimensional approach is adopted. Thus, the DSM seems likely to continue to be based on diagnostic categories, rather than diagnostic continua, until the field figures out how best to assess and treat mental illness from a more continuous perspective.
a. Small b. Medium c. Large - ANS-c. Large 3.5: True or False: Correlational variables are not necessarily related to each other in a causal fashion. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 3.6: Which of the following statements is depicted by this path diagram? a. Low self-esteem and depression cause anxiety. Anxiety Low Selfesteem Depression b. Depression and anxiety cause low self-esteem. c. Low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety are associated with one another. d. Low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety are not associated with one another. e. Anxiety causes low self-esteem and depression. - ANS-c. Low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety are associated with one another.
- A mediational hypothesis suggests that a. One variable at least partially accounts for the relationship between two other variables b. One variable influences the relationship between two other variables c. One variable causes another variable. d. Two variables are associated with one another. - ANS-a. One variable at least partially accounts for the relationship between two other variables 3.8: True or false: A moderator variable influences the relationship between two other variables. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 3.9: This path diagram depicts a __________________ relationship. a. Correlational b. Mediational c. Moderational d. Orthogonal e. Dimensional - ANS-c. Moderational 3.10: True or false: In the above path diagram, food consumption and concern about weight interact to cause weight. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 3.11: True or false: Use of a large, random, and representative sample increases internal validity far more than external validity. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False
3.12: As external validity increases, a. Internal validity typically stays the same. b. Internal validity typically increases. c. Internal validity typically increases to a point and then levels off. d. Internal validity typically decreases. e. None of the above - ANS-d. Internal validity typically decreases. 3.13: In a case study, internal validity is _______, and external validity is ________. a. High, high b. Low, high c. High, low d. Low, low - ANS-d. Low, low 3.14: True or false: Correlations have either magnitude or direction. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 3.15: True or false: A correlation of r = - .86 is a weak negative correlation. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 3.16: The scatterplot below represents __________ correlation. a. A positive b. A negative c. No d. A quadratic e. An exponential - ANS-c. No 3.17: When compared to case studies, correlational studies typically show ___________ internal validity and ___________ external validity. a. Worse, worse b. Worse, better c. Better, worse d. The same, the same e. Better, better - ANS-e. Better, better 3.18: There is high internal validity in experimental designs because a. There is random assignment of subjects to conditions b. The experimenters directly manipulate the variable of interest c. The experimenters can manipulate diagnostic status d. A and B e. A, B, and C - ANS-d. A and B
e. None of the above - ANS-c. You can get a better sense of causal relationships among variables 3.25: What is the primary sampling technique in clinical psychology? a. Random sampling b. External sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Clinical sampling e. Observational sampling - ANS-c. Convenience sampling 3.26: True or False: Reliability tells us about the consistency of a measure. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True 3.27: True or False: It is not possible to study diagnostic status as an experimentally manipulated independent variable. a. True b. False - ANS-a. True
- Measuring the consistency of a person's responses on the Social Anxiety Questionnaire across two different time points assesses the _____________________ of the questionnaire. a. Internal reliability b. Test-retest reliability c. Interrater reliability d. Concurrent validity e. Content validity - ANS-b. Test-retest reliability 3.29: True or False: A measure is developed to evaluate depression. It includes items about loss of interest in pleasurable activities, sad mood, and drug-related cravings. This measure appears to have good content validity. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 3.30: A researcher wants to know if the items she designed on an intelligence test really measure all aspects of the concept of intelligence. She is interested in the test's a. Internal reliability b. Content validity c. Discriminant validity d. Interrater reliability e. None of the above - ANS-b. Content validity 3.31: True or False: The Rape-Myth Assessment Scale has good incremental validity because it measures more than just how psychopathic a person is. a. True b. False - ANS-
3.32: You're developing a new measure of body image dissatisfaction. You find that it correlates .72 with a well-established measure of body image distress and .14 with a measure of extraversion. These two correlations can be used to help establish the ______and ______ validity of your new measure. a. Convergent and Face b. Predictive and Incremental c. Concurrent and Predictive d. Convergent and Discriminant e. C and D - ANS-d. Convergent and Discriminant 3.33: You're developing a measure of the quality of study time. You find that it correlates .55 with current school performance, and it correlates with future school performance at .45. These two correlations can be used to help establish ___________ and ____________ validity of your new measure. a. Convergent and Face b. Predictive and Incremental c. Concurrent and Predictive d. Convergent and Discriminant e. C and D - ANS-c. Concurrent and Predictive 3.34: Which of the following terms used in a consent form means, "You know which participant provided which responses, but you promise not to share this information with anyone"? a. Confidentiality b. Anonymity c. Beneficence d. Respect e. Deception - ANS-a. Confidentiality 3.35: A statistically significant p value typically is a. >. b. < 1. c. > 1. d. about. e. < .05 - ANS-e. <. 3.36: If you tested the association between eating concerns and ideal body size, which of the following would indicate a large association between these variables? a. d=. b. d=. c. r=. d. r=. e. None of the above - ANS-d. r=. 3.37: The term "practical significance" refers to a. Whether p <.
3.43: ______ reliability assesses consistency across RATERS, whereas _______ reliability assesses consistency across TIME, and _______ reliability assesses consistency across ITEMS. a. test-retest; inter-rater; internal consistency b. inter-rater; internal consistency; test-retest c. internal consistency; inter-rater; test-retest d. test-retest; internal consistency; inter-rater e. inter-rater; test-retest; internal consistency - ANS-e. inter-rater; test-retest; internal consistency 3.44: Internal validity refers to ______, whereas external validity refers to _______. a. the size of a study's sample; the power of a study's experimental design b. the power of a study's experimental design; the size of a study's sample c. the generalizability of a study's findings; the extent to which we can draw causal conclusions from a study d. the extent to which we can draw causal conclusions from a study; the generalizability of a study's findings - ANS-d. the extent to which we can draw causal conclusions from a study; the generalizability of a study's findings 3.45: As the correlation between two variables gets closer to zero, the magnitude of the relationship between the two variables gets larger. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 3.46: Cross-sectional studies provide a better understanding than longitudinal studies of the development and course of psychopathology. a. True b. False - ANS-b. False 3.47: Which form of validity indicates that the association of measures intended to assess different concepts is expected to be weaker than the association of measures intended to assess the same concepts? a. Concurrent b. Convergent c. Content d. Discriminant e. Incremental - ANS-d. Discriminant 3.48: The association between self esteem and anxiety in the figure below is : a. Negative and small b. Positive and small c. Negative and moderate d. Positive and moderate e. Negative and strong f. Positive and strong - ANS-e. Negative and strong
3 .49: Suppose that you read the following sentence in the results section of a research paper: "College freshmen reported drinking more alcoholic beverages per week than high-school seniors, p < .05, d = .78. The effect of year in school on alcohol consumption is: a. Statistically significant and practically significant b. Statistically significant but not practically significant c. Statistically insignificant but practically significant d. Statistically insignificant and not practically significant - ANS-a. Statistically significant and practically significant
- Cognitive therapy for depression works better for clients with higher cognitive ability than clients with lower cognitive ability. This suggests that cognitive ability ________ the effect of cognitive therapy on depression. a. Balances b. Mediates c. Decreases d. Moderates - ANS-d. Moderates 3.51: Suppose that you read the following sentence in the results section of a research paper: "Drinking problems were unrelated to neuroticism, p > .05, r = .04. The association of drinking problems with neuroticism is: a. Statistically significant and practically significant b. Statistically significant but not practically significant c. Statistically insignificant but practically significant d. Statistically insignificant and not practically significant - ANS-d. Statistically insignificant and not practically significant 3.52: Thought Question: As internal validity increases, external validity often decreases. Why? Think about the definitions of these two validities and explain why they often are at odds with one another. - ANS-Internal validity is the extent to which we can make causal statements about our findings. In order to state with confidence that variable A causes outcome B, we need to control for other variables that might influence B. Thus, the more control we have over the situation (as in experimental studies) the more internal validity we have. However, the results of experimental studies are often less generalizable to the population of interest (i.e., show lower external validity) because what we control in the laboratory doesn't map very well onto what happens in the real world. Thus, as we increase experimental control (increasing internal validity) we often necessarily decrease the generalizability of our findings (decreasing external validity). 3.53: Thought Question: Mediation and moderation are two different kinds of hypotheses. Explain each of them. - ANS-A mediational hypothesis indicates how X has an influence on Y, or the mechanism by which X has an influence on Y. Another way of saying this is that the mediator explains how or why X and Y are related. In contrast, a moderational hypothesis indicates the conditions under which X has an influence on Y, or how X and the moderator interact to influence Y, or that the combination (or interaction) of X and the moderator causes Y.
