Download Demography and Population Studies: Terms, Definitions, and Theories and more Quizzes Conflictology in PDF only on Docsity!
Demography
The study of human population. Greek ("writing about people") points to 2 reasons: high fertility & falling mortality TERM 2
Fertility
DEFINITION 2 The incidence of childbearing in a country's population. TERM 3
Crude Birth Rate
DEFINITION 3 The number of live births in a given year for every 1, people in a population. TERM 4
Mortality
DEFINITION 4 The incidence of death in a country's population. TERM 5
Crude Death Rate
DEFINITION 5 The number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a given year. TERM 7
Zero Population Growth
DEFINITION 7 The level of reproduction that maintains apopulation at a steady state. TERM 8
Demographic Transition Theory
DEFINITION 8 A thesis linking demographic changes to a society's level of technological development. 4 stages: preindustrial/agrarian societies early industrialization mature industrial postindustrial economy TERM 9
Modernization Theory
DEFINITION 9 A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between societies. TERM 10
World System Theory
DEFINITION 10 A model of economic development that explains inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones.AKA Dependency Theory: poor countries have only narrow, export-oriented economics lack industrial production are deeply in debt
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834)
Malthusian Theory Offered mathematical analysis of pop increase. population increase - geometric progression (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16..) food production - arithmetic progression (i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5...) People would soon reproduce beyond what the planet could feed => starvation social chaos TERM 17
Relative Poverty
DEFINITION 17 Refers to a lack of resources that most people take for granted. United States TERM 18
Absolute Poverty
DEFINITION 18 Refers to a lack of resources that is life-threatening. Global TERM 19
Chattel Slavery
DEFINITION 19 Where one person owns another. practice documented in Asia, Middle East, Africa most profitable form of crime TERM 20
Child Slavery
DEFINITION 20 where desperatelypoor families send their children out to ha=ustle on the streets to bring in income.
Debt Slavery
Where employers enslave workers of all ages by paying them too little to cover costs of their debts. they earn too little income to pay for food and housing - which employer provides TERM 22
Sevile Form of Marriage
DEFINITION 22 When families marry off women against their will. many are slaved and work for husband's family many are forced into prostitution TERM 23
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
DEFINITION 23 United Nations issued in 1948. "no one shall be held in slavery or servitude slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms" TERM 24
Structural-Functional Analysis
DEFINITION 24 Modernization Theory points out that all nations were poor until Industrial Revolution made societies affluent Walt Whitman Rostow - stages of modernization TERM 25
Why are countries still poor?
DEFINITION 25 Not every society is eager to sacrifice tradition in favor of change toward higher living standards.
Liberals in Global Inequality
Claim that the governments of rich nations have a moral obligation to provide foreign aid to poor nations, especially in areas of health care and education. TERM 32
Radical Lefts in Global Inequality
DEFINITION 32 World System/Dependency Theory Francis Moore Lappe and Joseph Collins TERM 33
Francis Moore Lappe and Joseph Collins
DEFINITION 33 Hunger Activists claim that many people in the United States have been raised to think of global poverty as the inevitable result of "natural" events rich nations direct production of food for profit, not people. TERM 34
Subtracting a nation's crude death rate from
its crude birth rate yields what?
DEFINITION 34 natural growth rate TERM 35
The United Nations projects that global
population in the year 2050 will be
DEFINITION 35 9.6 billion
During Stage 4 (a postindustrial economy) of
the demographic transition,
birth and the death rates are both low, so there is little or no natural increase in population. TERM 37
During Stage 1 of the demographic transition,
birth and death rates are?
DEFINITION 37 high/high TERM 38
1.6 percent
DEFINITION 38 The poorest 20 percent of the world's population earns what share of the world's income? TERM 39
How many nations fall within the category of
"low-income countries?"
DEFINITION 39 49 TERM 40
High-income nations are home to what
percentage of the earth's population?
DEFINITION 40 23 percent
