Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Understanding Ions and the Octet Rule: Formation of Ions and Ionic Bonds, Lecture notes of Chemistry

Texas A & M University - Corpus ChristiChemistry

An in-depth explanation of ions, the octet rule, and the formation of ionic bonds. It covers the concept of atoms gaining or losing electrons to achieve a full outer shell, resulting in cations or anions. The document also includes examples of neutral atoms becoming ions, the making of an ion using the bohr model, and the learning objectives for understanding the topic.

What you will learn

  • How do atoms form ionic bonds?
  • What causes atoms to form ions?
  • What is the octet rule and why is it important?

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

blueeyes_11
blueeyes_11 🇺🇸

4.7

(18)

261 documents

1 / 3

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
6.1 IONS AND THE OCTET RULE SOLUTION– STUDENT NOTES, CLASSWORK AND HW
full
transfer
negative
Octet
full
cation
Ionic
Metal
gain
positive
protons
Electron
gain
anion
inert
Non-metal
lose
Alkali
metals
halogens
valence
lose
atoms
eight
The Noble gases are unreactive or INERT because they have FULL outer shells. With the exception of Helium,
which only has room for 2 electrons in its outer shell, the other Noble gases all have EIGHT electrons in their
outer shell. These observations led scientists to create the OCTET Rule which says that ATOMS prefer to have
FULL outer shells.
In order to have a full outer shell atoms can GAIN or LOSE electrons.
LOSING ELECTRONS FOR A FULL SHELL - Atoms that have lost electrons have an excess of POSITIVE charge
because they have more PROTONS than ELECTRONS. These positive ions are called CATIONS. To remember
this name notice that it has a “t” in it which looks like a “+”. Atoms with very few VALENCE electrons, such as
Lithium, would need to gain many electrons for a full shell so it is easier for them to LOSE electrons and
become POSITIVE.
GAINING ELECTRONS FOR A FULL SHELL - Atoms that have gained electrons have an excess of NEGATIVE
charge because they have more ELECTRONS than PROTONS. These negative ions are called ANIONS. To
remember this name notice that it has an “n” in it, which is the first letter in “Negative”.
THE BOHR MODEL AND THE MAKING OF AN ION – LITHIUM
NEUTRAL LITHIUM ATOM LITHIUM ION
The neutral atom shown at left has a desire for a full outer
shell. Which possibility most easily obtains a full outer most
shell? GAINING 7 or LOSING ONE
How many protons does it have? 3
How many electrons does it have? 2
What is its net (total) charge? +1
(Add the charges for the protons to the charges of the electrons)
+3 + (-2) = +1
The GROUP 1 OR ALKALI metals and Hydrogen will all LOSE
one electron to become 1+ ions. Positive ions are called
CATIONS.
Learning Objectives:
Why/How do atoms form ions?
What is the Octet Rule?
Why/How do atoms form ionic bonds?
What is an ionic bond?
pf3

Partial preview of the text

Download Understanding Ions and the Octet Rule: Formation of Ions and Ionic Bonds and more Lecture notes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity!

6.1 IONS AND THE OCTET RULE SOLUTION– STUDENT NOTES, CLASSWORK AND HW

full transfer negative Octet full cation Ionic Metal gain positive protons Electron gain anion inert Non-metal lose Alkali metals

halogens valence lose atoms eight

The Noble gases are unreactive or INERT because they have FULL outer shells. With the exception of Helium, which only has room for 2 electrons in its outer shell, the other Noble gases all have EIGHT electrons in their outer shell. These observations led scientists to create the OCTET Rule which says that ATOMS prefer to have FULL outer shells.

In order to have a full outer shell atoms can GAIN or LOSE electrons.

LOSING ELECTRONS FOR A FULL SHELL - Atoms that have lost electrons have an excess of POSITIVE charge because they have more PROTONS than ELECTRONS. These positive ions are called CATIONS. To remember this name notice that it has a “t” in it which looks like a “+”. Atoms with very few VALENCE electrons, such as Lithium, would need to gain many electrons for a full shell so it is easier for them to LOSE electrons and become POSITIVE.

GAINING ELECTRONS FOR A FULL SHELL - Atoms that have gained electrons have an excess of NEGATIVE charge because they have more ELECTRONS than PROTONS. These negative ions are called ANIONS. To remember this name notice that it has an “n” in it, which is the first letter in “Negative”.

THE BOHR MODEL AND THE MAKING OF AN ION – LITHIUM

NEUTRAL LITHIUM ATOM LITHIUM ION

Draw in the protons and electrons for the NEUTRAL LITHIUM ATOM above. How many protons does it have? 3 How many electrons does it have? 3

What is its net (total) charge? Neutral ( Add the charges for the protons to the charges of the electrons )

  • 3 + (- 3 ) = 0

To obtain a full outer shell it will LOSE one electron. It will lose its VALENCE electron

The neutral atom shown at left has a desire for a full outer shell. Which possibility most easily obtains a full outer most shell? GAINING 7 or LOSING ONE How many protons does it have? 3 How many electrons does it have? 2 What is its net (total) charge? + ( Add the charges for the protons to the charges of the electrons )

  • 3 + ( - 2 ) = + The GROUP 1 OR ALKALI metals and Hydrogen will all LOSE one electron to become 1+ ions. Positive ions are called CATIONS.

Learning Objectives: Why/How do atoms form ions? What is the Octet Rule? Why/How do atoms form ionic bonds? What is an ionic bond?

The Atom and the Ion - Below is an example showing the dot notation of an Alkali Metal atom and how it becomes an ion.

Na  Na

1+

Draw the Lewis Structure (showing the valence electrons around the element symbol) of each atom and the ion it forms. Sodium (Na) is done for you as an example. Group 1 A Alkali Metals and H

Group 2 A Alkali-earth Metals

Group 6 A Oxygen Group

Group 7 A Halogens

Group 8 A Nobles

H  H

1+

He

Li  Li

1+

Be  Be

2 +

O  O

2 +

F  F

1 -

Ne

Na  Na

1+

Mg  Mg

2 +

S  S

2 +

Cl  Cl

1 -

Ar

K  K

1+

Ca  Ca

2 +

Se  Se

Br  Br

1 -

Kr

Elements in these groups LOSE electrons and become + ions called CATIONS.

Elements in these groups GAIN electrons and become - ions called ANIONS.

6-2 IONS FORM BONDS TO CREATE STABILITY

When a metal combines with a non-metal an ionic bond is formed. Salt or Sodium Chloride ( NaCl ) is a good example of a ionic bonding. Sodium ( Na ) has 1 valance electron and Chlorine ( Cl ) has 7 electrons in its outer orbit. If Sodium lost its valance electron, its next shell will be full. But that would also make Sodium a positive ion. If Chlorine gained 1 valance electron, its shell would be full with a maximum of 8 electrons, and it would then be a negative ion. An IONIC bond is when an electron is TRANSFERRED from one atom to another.

The same process can be illustrated with Lewis Structures as shown below.

Sodium is a ALKALI METAL (type of material) and it combines with a HALOGEN (GAS). The VALENCE electron from sodium is TRANSFERRED to chlorine so it has a FULL outer shell. When this happens the atoms are bonded together. The charge combination is the sum of the all the charges +1 + -1 = ZERO.

Other element groups that fithere left off for this exercise.