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Unit 5 - NURS 316 Questions With
Complete Solutions
Normal Microbes Beneficial Effects correct answer: competing for nutrients produced substances that affect invading microbes affecting growth conditions Inhibition of cell wall synthesis correct answer: penecillins cephalosporins carbapenems misc. Inhibition of protein synthesis (Translation) correct answer: Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Oxazolidinones Macrolides Disruption of plasma membrane correct answer: azoles and polyenes Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (replication/transcription) correct answer: floroquinolones rifampicin inihibition of metabolic pathways correct answer: sulfonamides trimethoprim
Action of B-lactam antibiotics correct answer: b-lactam group of penicillin binds to inactivated transpeptidases preventing peptidoglycan synthesis leading to cell destruction Penecillin G correct answer: natural penicillin, required injection Penicillin V correct answer: natural penicillin oral admin Cephalosporins correct answer: sephalothin, cefixime Oxacillin and Methacillin correct answer: semisynthetic penecillin modification to prevent cleavage by B-lactamases Chloramphenicol MOA correct answer: Blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibitor peptide bond Tetracycline correct answer: interferes with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex Streptomycin correct answer: changes shape of the 30S potion causing code on mRNA to be read incorrectly Quinolone and fluoroquinolones correct answer: inhibit DNA gyrase required for DNA replication Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole correct answer: inhibits bacteria enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase that is essential for bacterial metabolism
Transduction correct answer: donor DNA packaged in bacteriophage infects bacterium Conjugation correct answer: donor bactéria transfer DNA to recipient by mating Methicillin resistant bacteria mechanism correct answer: altered transpeptidased which are still active for cross-linking but no longer recognized by beta-lactam Vancomycin MOA correct answer: last line antibiotic for serious gram negative infections and binds to the terminal amino residues of the NAM/NAG=peptide subunits Vancomycin mechanisms of resistance correct answer: alteration to the terminal amino acid residues of the NAM/NAG peptide subunits that vancomycin normally binds to viral replication steps correct answer: -attachment -penetration -un-coating -synthesis -assembly -release 3 potential outcomes of viral infection correct answer: lysis, cycle repeats with new viral replications, and virus becomes latent lytic infection correct answer: virus replicates and produces many copies generally kill the host cell
latent infection correct answer: infection in which the infectious agent is present but not causing symptoms and persists in teh host cell in a non-replicative form chronic viral infection correct answer: virus replicates without causing music cell lysis and persist in the host for extend period of time DNA viruses correct answer: Herpesviridae Papovaviridae Adenoviridae Hepadnavirus Herpeseviridae correct answer: herpes simples, varcella zoster, cytomegalovirus, epstein barr virus can cause lymphomas Papovaviridae correct answer: HPV (genital warts)can cause cervical and anal cancer Adenoviridae correct answer: URTI, eye infection Hepadnavirus correct answer: Hepatitis B can cause liver cancer RNA viruses correct answer: Picornaviridae Coronaviridae Flaviviridae Rhabdoviridae Retroviridae
Hep C correct answer: RNA, Blood/Sexual Transmission, possibility to become chronic following acute Hep B correct answer: DNA, blood/sexual transmission, possibility to become chronic Hepatitis Infection Phases correct answer: prodromal icterus convalescent prodromal hepatitis correct answer: general vague signs and symptoms to insidious onset Icterus hepatitis correct answer: following prodromal and no fixed time length, severe pruritus adn liver tenderness and swelling and inflammation in the liver leading to jaundice Convalescent hepatitis correct answer: after severe inflammation increase sense of well-being, return of appetite, disappearance jaundice Acute HCV infection correct answer: usually asymptomatic course is erratic with wide fluctuations on liver enzymes Chronic HCV infection correct answer: -usually asymptomatic until advanced liver disease -fibrosis may progress slowly or rapidly -most common cause of end-stage liver disease with cirrhosis -may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma
Chronic hepatitis correct answer: umbrella term, group of disease characterized by inflammation of the liver that lasts 6 months or longer Chronic Hep Causes correct answer: autoimmune disease, viral hepatitis (B/C), toxins Chronic Persistent Hepatitis Treatment correct answer: No drug treatment needed, will not progress to the cirrhosis of the liver especially if they avoiding alcohol chronic active hepatitis correct answer: progressive liver destruction with cirrhosis, chronic liver failure and death affects the cells of the liver lobules and majority of the cases are from Hep C Cirrhosis correct answer: fibrosis replacement of hepatic tissues and loss of liver functions Pathophysiology of Cirrhosis correct answer: Cycle of inflammation and scar tissue formation due to healing and then fibrosis and then nodules not reversible Hepatocellular carcinoma correct answer: arises from the liver, more common Cholangiocarcinoma correct answer: cancer cell from the billiard system a primary cancer of the bile duct cells
Mycosis correct answer: fungal infection Systemic mycoses correct answer: deep within the body Subcutaneous mycoses correct answer: beneath the skin Cutaneous mycoses correct answer: affect hair, skin, and nails Superficial mycoses correct answer: localized, e.g., hair shafts Opportunistic mycoses correct answer: fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host Dermatophytes correct answer: A type of fungi that causes skin, hair, and nail infections. Common in HIV infections cause tine infection Candida albicans correct answer: superficial infections of vulvovaginal area, mouth and throat and can become deeper
- generally comment organisms but too much cleaning the bacteria competitors are killed and they grow more Antifungal Sterols correct answer: target sterols in the fungal cell membrane or enzymes for ergosterol synthesis Antifungal cell walls correct answer: inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall Fungal inhibiting nucleic acid correct answer: drug is intra- fugally coverts into cytosine analog
Amphotericin B (Fungizone) correct answer: antifungal for severe systemic mycoses and prophylactic anti fungal therapy Amphoterocin B MOA correct answer: binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes causing cells to become more permeable Azoles correct answer: drugs for both systemic and superperficial fungal infection, broad spectrum, many ways to be used Azole Chemical Classes correct answer: Imidazoles (Miconazole) Traizoles (Fluconazole)\synthetic and less toxic than Amphotericin B Fluconazole (Diflucan) correct answer: interfere with synthesis of ergosterol for infection of Candida albicans, cryptococcal meningitis adn mycoses reistant to other antifungals Schizogony correct answer: asexual reproduction by multiple fission Amebiasis correct answer: Entamoeba histolytica, primarily disease of the large intestine and may cause liver abscess, spread through drinking contaminated water Giardiasis correct answer: Giardia lamblia, primary disease of intestine leading to malabsorption Amebiasis treatment correct answer: Metronidazole
