UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE

UNIT%5%STUDY%GUIDE%

Immune&System&

• A"pathogen"is"a"germ"that"causes"disease."

• A"T"cell"is"a"white"blood"cell"that"destroys"pathogens."

• The"immune"system"is"the"body’s"most"sophisticated"line"of"defense"against"pathogens."

• The"environment"contains"cancer;causing"agents"known"as"carcinogens."

• Inflammation"is"the"body’s"general"response"to"all"kinds"of"injury,"from"cuts"and"scrapes"to"internal"

damage."

Endocrine&System&

• The"adrenal"glands"secrete"a"hormone"that"prepares"the"body"to"react"during"times"of"stress"or"in"

an"emergency."

• The"endocrine"system"consists"of"glands"that"control"many"of"the"body’s"activities"by"producing"

hormones."

• The"endocrine"system"uses"a"specific"type"of"hormone"to"send"messages"to"body"organs"and"tissues."

• The"thyroid"gland"controls"calcium"levels"in"the"blood."

• The"hypothalamus"is"the"endocrine"gland"that"is"part"of"both"the"nervous"and"endocrine"systems."

Nervous&System&

• The"central"nervous"system"consists"of"the"brain"and"spinal"cord."

• Sensory"neurons"carry"impulses"from"sense"organs"to"the"brain."

• Spinal"cord"is"the"column"of"nerve"cells"extending"downward"from"the"brain."

• Cerebrum"controls"the"ability"to"memorize,"think"and"learn."

• Motor"neurons"carry"impulses"from"the"brain"to"muscles"and"glands."

• Impulses"from"the"sensory"organs"are"carried"along"a"sensory"neuron"to"the"brain"and"spinal"cord."

Integumentary&System&

• The"integumentary"system"is"made"up"of"skin,"hair,"and"nails."

• The"skin"is"the"body’s"largest"organ."

• Skin"gets"its"color"fro"a"pigment"called"melanin."

• The"skin"infection,"ringworm"is"caused"by"a"fungus."

• The"functions"of"the"skin"include:"protection"from"injury,"infection,"water"loss,"regulation"of"body"

temperature,"and"to"gather"information."

Cardiovascular&System&

• The"3"major"types"of"blood"vessels"are"arteries,"veins,"and"capillaries."

• An"idea"blood"pressure"is"120/80."

• A"blood"clot"in"an"artery"of"the"brain"can"cause"a(n)"stroke."

• Eating"saturated"fat"raises"LDL"level."

• A"heart"attack"may"result"in"disability"or"death.""Warning"signs"include"uncomfortable"pressure"or"

pain"in"the"center"of"the"chest,"pain"that"spreads"to"the"shoulders,"neck,"jaw,"or"back,"

lightheadedness,"fainting,"sweating,"nausea,"and"shortness"of"breath."

• Veins"return"blood"to"the"heart."

• Capillaries"connect"arteries"and"veins."

• Arteries"carry"blood"away"from"the"heart."

• A"heart"attack"occurs"when"some"of"the"tissue"in"the"heart"doesn’t"receive"its"normal"blood"supply"

and"dies."

• A"stroke"is"a"sudden"disruption"of"blood"flow"to"part"of"the"brain."

• Angina"pectoris"is"the"chest"pain"that"occurs"when"an"area"of"the"heart"does"not"get"enough"oxygen;

rich"blood."

• An"aneurysm"is"a"blood;filled"weak"spot"that"balloons"out"from"an"artery"wall."

• High;density"lipoprotein"(HDL)"is"known"as"“good"cholesterol.”"

• Red"blood"cells"are"the"component"of"blood"that"contain"hemoglobin."

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Immune System

A pathogen is a germ that causes disease.
A T cell is a white blood cell that destroys pathogens.
The immune system is the body’s most sophisticated line of defense against pathogens.
The environment contains cancer-‐causing agents known as carcinogens.
Inflammation is the body’s general response to all kinds of injury, from cuts and scrapes to internal damage. Endocrine System
The adrenal glands secrete a hormone that prepares the body to react during times of stress or in an emergency.
The endocrine system consists of glands that control many of the body’s activities by producing hormones.
The endocrine system uses a specific type of hormone to send messages to body organs and tissues.
The thyroid gland controls calcium levels in the blood.
The hypothalamus is the endocrine gland that is part of both the nervous and endocrine systems. Nervous System
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Sensory neurons carry impulses from sense organs to the brain.
Spinal cord is the column of nerve cells extending downward from the brain.
Cerebrum controls the ability to memorize, think and learn.
Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain to muscles and glands.
Impulses from the sensory organs are carried along a sensory neuron to the brain and spinal cord. Integumentary System
The integumentary system is made up of skin, hair, and nails.
The skin is the body’s largest organ.
Skin gets its color fro a pigment called melanin.
The skin infection, ringworm is caused by a fungus.
The functions of the skin include: protection from injury, infection, water loss, regulation of body temperature, and to gather information. Cardiovascular System
The 3 major types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.
An idea blood pressure is 120/80.
A blood clot in an artery of the brain can cause a(n) stroke.
Eating saturated fat raises LDL level.
A heart attack may result in disability or death. Warning signs include uncomfortable pressure or pain in the center of the chest, pain that spreads to the shoulders, neck, jaw, or back, lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea, and shortness of breath.
Veins return blood to the heart.
Capillaries connect arteries and veins.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
A heart attack occurs when some of the tissue in the heart doesn’t receive its normal blood supply and dies.
A stroke is a sudden disruption of blood flow to part of the brain.
Angina pectoris is the chest pain that occurs when an area of the heart does not get enough oxygen-‐ rich blood.
An aneurysm is a blood-‐filled weak spot that balloons out from an artery wall.
High-‐density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as “good cholesterol.”
Red blood cells are the component of blood that contain hemoglobin.

If the body takes in too much cholesterol it can build up in the arteries and contribute to heart disease. Muscular System
The 3 types of muscle tissue in the body are smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle.
Involuntary muscle tissue that pushes food through the digestive system is smooth muscle.
A tendon is a thick strand of tissue that attaches muscles to bones.
A muscle strain is a(n) pulled muscle.
Atrophy is the condition that occurs when muscles weaken or shrink due to little use.
Involuntary muscle found only in the heart is called cardiac muscle.
Involuntary muscle that powers most internal organs is called smooth muscle. Reproductive System
Physical changes that occur in teens’ bodies during puberty are called secondary sex characteristics.
The hormone responsible for causing sudden emotional changes and sexual feelings that occur in males during puberty is testosterone.
The most common bacterial STI in the United States is chlamydia.
Puberty is a period in adolescence when a person becomes sexually mature.
Sperm cells are produced by males in the testes.
Secondary sex characteristics that occur in males during puberty include growth of facial hair, pubic hair, and body hair. Digestive System
Functions of the liver include releasing bile to help break down fats, maintain blood, sugar level, and filter poisonous wastes.
The 3 main functions of the digestive system are digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Research shows that people who manage their blood sugar levels have a reduced risk of developing complications from diabetes.
The pancreas regulates sugar levels in the blood.
Foods that are rich in fiber stimulate the digestive tract muscles and keep the digestive system healthy.
Behaviors to help keep your digestive system healthy include: -‐ eating a healthful diet with fiber-‐rich foods -‐ taking time to relax and enjoy one’s meal -‐ drinking plenty of fluids each day Respiratory System
Among the most important factors for keeping the respiratory system healthy is not smoking.
Tuberculosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease of the lungs.
A flap of tissue that keeps you from choking when you swallow is the epiglottis. Urinary System
The kidney is responsible for filtering the blood and disposing of waste in urine. Skeletal System
The main roles of the skeletal system are to provide support, protect internal organs, allow your body to move, and store and produce materials. Other Illness/Disease
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women.
Hemophilia is the genetic disorder that causes problems with blood clotting.
The 3 most common STIs are trichomoniasis, human papilloma virus, and chlamydia.
Chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in females.
People who think they have an STI should seek prompt medical attention.

UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE, Exercises of Immunology

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UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE