Human Growth and Development: Stages of Life and Psychosocial Needs, Slides of Communication

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Human Growth and

Development

7:1 Life Stages

 Growth and development begins at birth

and ends at death

 During an entire lifetime, individuals have

needs that must be met

 Health care workers need to be aware of

the various stages and needs of the

individual to provide quality health care

Four main types of Growth and

Development

 Physical: body growth

 Mental: mind development

 Emotional: feelings

 Social: interactions and relationships

with others

 All four types above occur in each stage

Erikson’s Stages of

Psychosocial Development

 Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst who

identified eight stages of psychosocial

development

 For each stage a basic conflict or need

must be met

 See Table 7-1 in text

Infancy

 Emotional development – show anger,

distrust, happiness, excitement, etc.

 Social development – self-centeredness

concept of the newborn to recognition of

others in their environment

 Infants are dependent on others for all needs

Early Childhood

 Age: 1-6 years old  Conflict:  Toddler 1 to 3 years - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt  Preschool 3 to 6 years – Initiative vs. guilt  Physical development – growth slower than in infancy. Muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely. Can write, draw, use a fork and knife  Mental development – verbal growth progresses, short attention span, at end of stage ask questions, recognize letters, and some words

Late Childhood

 Age: 6-12 years old  Conflict – Industry vs. inferiority  Physical development – slow but steady. Muscle coordination is well developed and children can engage in physical activity that require complex motor-sensory coordination  Mental development – developing quickly and much of the child’s life centers around school. Reading and writing skills are learned, understand abstract concepts like honesty, loyalty, values and morals

Late Childhood

 Emotional development -- the child achieves greater independence and a more distinct personality. Fears are replaced by the ability to cope.  Social development – changes from activities by themselves to more group oriented. They are more ready to accept the opinions of others and learn to conform to rules, and standards of behavior. Needs are the same as infancy and early childhood along with the need for reassurance, parental approval, and peer acceptance.

Adolescence

 Mental development – most foundations have

been set. Development primarily involves an

increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills.

Learn to make decisions and accept

responsibility for actions.

 Emotional development – emotional

development is often stormy and in conflict.

Adolescents try to establish their identities and

independence. They respond more and more

to peer group influences.

Adolescence

 Social development – spending less time with family and more time with peer groups. They attempt to develop self-identity and independence and seek security from their peers. Toward the end of this stage they develop a more mature attitude and develop patterns of behavior that they associate with adult behavior.  Need for reassurance, support and understanding. Problems that develop in this stage can be traced to conflict and feelings of inadequacy and insecurity.

Substance Abuse

 Use of alcohol or drugs with the

development of a physical and/or mental

dependence on the chemical

 Can occur at any life stage, but frequently

begins in adolescence

 Can lead to physical and mental disorders

and diseases

 Treatment towards total rehabilitation

Reasons Chemicals Used

 Trying to relieve stress or anxiety

 Peer pressure

 Escape from emotional or psychological

problems

 Experimentation

 Seeking ―instant gratification‖

 Hereditary traits or cultural influences

Reasons for Suicide

 Depression

 Grief over a loss or love affair

 Failure in school

 Inability to meet expectations

 Influence of suicidal friends or parents

 Lack of self-esteem

Increased Risk of Suicide

 Family history of suicide

 A major loss or disappointment

 Previous suicide attempts

 Recent suicide of friends, family, or role

models (heroes or idols)