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Urinary and Digestive System Revised Solutions
1. Kidneys
Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra: What are the organs of the urinary system?
2. Kidneys and Ureters: What organs are retroperitoneal?
3. Left kidney is 2 cm superior to right kidney.: Which kidney is superior to which?
4. 1) Renal capsule
2) Renal cortex
3) Renal medulla
4) Renal columns
5) Renal pyramids
6) Renal papilla
7) Minor calyx
8) Major calyx
9) Renal pelvis
10) Ureter
11) Hilum: What are the anatomical structures of the kidney?
5. Branch from abdominal aorta
Right is typically longer and lower than left: What do renal arteries branch from? Describe the asymmetries.
6. Nephron: What is the functional unit of the kidney which purifies blood?
7. Renal corpuscle - Site of filtration
**- Glomerulus
- Glomerular capsule Renal Tubule
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Nephron loop (loop of henle)
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting ducts:** What are the anatomical structures of the Nephron?
8. Found where afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule touch.
Macula densa cells and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to regulate blood volume and pressure.: Where is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus found? What cell types are found here?
9. Collecting duct
Minor calyx Major
intestine Anal canal: What are organs of the digestive system?
15. Salivary glands
Teeth Tongue Liver Gall bladder Pancreas: What are accessory organs of the digestive system?
16. Form of propulsion, muscle contraction that moves food through GI tract.-
: What is peristalsis?
17. Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Serosa: What are the histological layers of the GI tract?
18. Nasopharynx - Psuedostratified ciliated columnar
Oropharynx - Stratified squamous Laryngopharynx - Stratified squamous: What are the three regions of the phar- ynx? What cell types line them?
19. Double layer folds of peritoneum, support intraperitoneal organs.
**- Greater omentum
- Lesser omentum
- Mesentery proper
- Mesocolon:** What are mesentaries? List them.
20. Serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity and lines abdominal organs.:
What is peritoneum?
21. Cardiac sphincter
Cardia Fundus Body Greater curvature Lesser curvature Pyloris Pyloric sphincter: What are the anatomical structures of the stomach?
22. Storage of food
Mechanical and Chemical digestion Limited absorption: What are the functions of the stomach?
23. Majority of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption: What are the func- tions of
the small intestine?
5) Hepatic flexure
6) Transverse colon
7) Splenic flexure
8) Descending colon
9) Sigmoid colon
10) Rectum
11) Anal canal: List the structures of the large intestine in order.
31. Internal anal sphincter - Involuntary
External anal sphincter - Voluntary Anal sinuses - Produce mucous to lubricate anal canal: What are the structures of the anal canal?
32. Produce digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon.: What are the functions of the
pancreas?
33. - Glycogen storage
**- Detoxification of poisons, metabolites, and drugs
- Clean out debris and old RBCs
- Production of blood proteins
- Produce bile:** What are the functions of the liver?
34. Reflection of visceral peritoneum which divides liver into coronary and
triangular ligaments: What is the falciform ligament?
35. Stores and concentrates bile: What are the functions of the gallbladder?
36. Sympathetic - Slows digestion
Parasympathetic - Increases digestion: How does sympathetic and parasympa- thetic nervous systems affect the digestive tract?
37. 1) Celiac trunk
2) Superior mesenteric
3) Inferior mesenteric
4) Hepatic portal system: What are the 4 main vasculature of the GI tract?
38. 1) Left gastric a.
2) Common hepatic a.
3) Splenic a.: What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?
39. Superior digestive organs
**- Duodenum
convoluted tubule - Simple cuboidal epithelium Descending loop of henle - Simple squamous epithelium Ascending loop of henle - Simple cuboidal epithelium Collecting duct - Simple cuboidal epithelium: What are the histological layers of the nephrons anatomical structures?
45. 1) Capillary epithelium
2) Basement membrane
3) Podocytes: What are the three distinct barriers which filtrate must pass through to
prevent passage of blood cells and plasma proteins?
46. Mesangial cells: What cell is the main support cell of the urinary system?
47. Trigone: What is a triangle shaped structure within the bladder rich in barore-
ceptors which stretch and signal it is time to urinate?
48. Transitional epithelium (Urothelium): What type of epithelium transitions be- tween
squamous when stretched to columnar when relaxed and is found in the urethra?
49. 1) Excretion
2) Elimination
3) Homeostatic regulation: What are the three functions of the urinary system?
50. - Maintain water balance
**- Regulate omsmolarity
- Regulate plasma volume and blood pressure
- Maintain acid-base balance
- Eliminate waste
- Produce renin
- Activate vitamin D:** What are the main functions of the kidneys?
51. 1) Glomerular filtration
2) Tubular reabsorption
3) Tubular secretion: What are the three major functions of the nephron?
52. > 60,000 Dalton's (60kDa) will be filtered out.: Substances with what molec- ular size
will be filtered out during glomerular filtration?
53. Glomerulus is a network of about 50 capillaries which filters about 45 gallons/
day. Has large pores and high pressure to achieve such volume.: - Describe the glomerulus and the filtration that takes place here.
54. Normal GFR is 120 mL/min
This is manipulated through vasodilation or vasoconstriction to increase or decrease rate.: What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? How can this be modified?
reabsorption of glucose?
63. Movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the lumen of the
tubule for excretion in the urine. Hydrogen ions and potassium ions are secreted.: What is tubular secretion? What is secreted?
64. Distal convoluted tubule: Where does tubular secretion primarily occur?
65. Low levels of ADH - Well hydrated. Distal tubule and collecting ducts become
impermeable to water and urine becomes dilute. High levels ADH - Dehydrated. Distal tubules and collecting ducts become highly permeable to water and urine becomes concentrated.: How does ADH regulate urine concentration?
66. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-mechanism: What mechanism plays a criti- cal role
in regulating blood pressure and volume?
67. Macula densa - Osmoreceptors sense decreased blood osmotic pressure
Renin-secreting juxtaglomerular - Mechanoreceptors at wall of afferent arteri- oles: What are the critical specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
68. Inflammation of the urinary bladder: What is Cystis?
69. Blood in the urine: What is hematuria?
70. Night urination: What is nocturia?
71. Excessive urine output: What is polyuria?
72. Retention of urinary constituents in the blood: What is uremia?
73. Water in the kidney due to kidney obstruction: What is hydronephrosis?
74. Secreted in the kidney, signals for red blood cell production: Where is
erythropoietin secreted? What does it do?
75. High levels of urea and nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to kidney
dysfunction.: What is azotemia?
76. Glomerulopathies - nephritis and nephrosis: What diseases are the most common
cause of kidney failure and presents with decreased glomerular filtration rate resulting in decreased urine output.
77. Nephrosis - Damage to glomerular membrane resulting in enlargement of
fenestrations. Causes edema and hypotension. Nephritis - Inflammation of the glomerulus. Causes hematuria.: What is the difference between Nephrosis and Nephritis?
85. Pyelonephritis: What disease is an invasive kidney infection due to E. coli or
Proteus?
86. Drug-induced interstitial nephritis: What disease is a result of Antibiotics or NSAIDS
inducing a IgE and T cell immune reaction?
87. Acute tubular necrosis: What disease is the most common cause of acute renal
failure and is a reversible tubular injury caused by ischemia or drug use?
88. Fanconi syndrome: What disease results in loss of reabsoprtion in the proximal
tubule causing the urine to have more products and the blood to have less?
89. Nephrosclerosis benign: What disease is found in patients with benign hyper-
tension that can be brought down?
90. Nephrosclerosis malignant: What disease is found in patients with malignant
hypertension that can not be brought down and has a low likelyhood of survival?
91. Polycystic kidney disease adult: What is an autosomal dominant disease
associated with adults who form many large cysts in the kidney and are prone to brain aneurysms?
92. Polycystic kidney disease childhood: What is an autosomal recessive dis- ease
associated with children who form many small cysts in the kidney?
93. Calculus (stone) formation in the urinary tract.
Primarily made of calcium oxalate: What is urolithiasis? What is this primary made of?
94. Renal cell carcinoma: What kidney cancer is derived from tubular epithelium, is
caused by smoking or hypertension, and has a 5% 5 year survival rate?
95. Bladder carcinoma: What kidney cancer is derived from transitinal epithelium,
painless, and has a 50% 5 year survival rate?
96. Bulemia: What pathology is associated with frequent vomiting and worn lingual
surfaces of teeth?
97. Gardner's syndrome: What pathology is associated with intestinal polyps, os-
teomas, and colon cancer development by 40?
98. Plummer-Vinson syndrome: What pathology is associated with 4th to 5th decades
in women, dysphagia from esophageal webs, anemia, atrophic glossitis, and leukoplakia?
99. Sjogrens syndrome: What pathology is the autoimmune destruction of ex- ocrine
(salicvary) glands, increased risk of lymphoma, and presents with dry eyes and dry mouth?
100. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: What is one of the most common malignant
salivary gland tumors commonly in parotid glands?
Acts on the distal tubule and early collecting duct: Where is aldosterone se- cereted from? Where does it act?
107. Aldosterone signals protein synthesis to produce new channels and pumps and
signals sodium and potassium ATPase to export 2 potassiums and import 3 sodiums per turn. Water follows the higher ion gradient and is resorbed.: What is aldosterones mechanism?
108. Hypertension, heart failure, edema
Decrease plasma and extracellular fluid volume, reduces workload of the heart: What are diuretics used to treat? What do they do?
109. Thiazides - Distal tubule on Na+/Cl- (NCC) cotransporter blocking reab- sorption
Loop diuretics - Ascending loop on Na+/K+/2Cl- (NKCC) transporter K+ Sparing diuretics - Distal tubule blocking Na+ reabsorption incresing K+ reabsorption. Blocks aldosterone effects.: What are the classes of diuretics and where do they work?
110. Thiazide diuretics: What can be used to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
111. Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone: What are the thiazide
diuretics?
112. Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide: What are the loop diuretics?
113. Loop diuretics: Which diuretics have the highest maximal effect?
114. Amiloride, Triamterene: What are the K+ sparing diuretics?
115. Spironolactone, Eplerenone: What diuretics are similar to K+ sparing but are true
antaginists of the aldosterone receptor?
116. Antidiabetic drugs + diuretics - may cause increased glucose levels
NSAIDS + diuretics - decreased diretic activity: What are common drug interac- tions with diuretics?
117. Gastric acid: What do parietal cells in the stomach secrete?
118. Pepsinogen: What do chief cells in the stomach secrete?
119. Somatostatin: What do D cells in the stomach secrete?
120. Histamine: What do Enterocromaffin-like cells (ECL) in the stomach secrete?
121. Gastrin: What do G cells in the stomach secrete?
122. Mucous and HCO3-: What do mucous cells in the stomach secrete?
123. Gastric acid, gastrin, pepsinogen: What secretion does somatostatin inhibit?
124. Hypothalamus: Where is ADH synthesized?
125. Omeprazole - Proton pump inhibitor
Cimetidine - H2 receptor antagonist
