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Urinary System & Fluid, Electrolytes A &
P2 Exam Study Guide
3 layers of tissue for the Kidneys - Answer>> renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia renal cortex - Answer>> superficial, outer cortical zone renal medulla - Answer>> inner region, cone shaped pyramids renal lobe - Answer>> renal pyramid, overlying cortex area What part of the kidney is the functioning part - Answer>> Parachyma Urine formed by nephron drains into? - Answer>> Papillary ducts, Minor and Major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, outside How much do the kidneys constitute for the body mass? - Answer>> less than 5% How much do the kidneys recieve from cardiac output? - Answer>> 20-25% Renal nerves are apart of what nervous system? - Answer>> Sympathetic autonomic
What are the functional units of the nephron? - Answer>> Renal corpuscle & renal tubule What does the renal corpuscle do? - Answer>> filters blood plasma Renal Tubule - Answer>> filtered fluid passes into proximal convuluted tubule, descending and ascending loop of Henle, distal convuluted tubule. Glomular capsule - Answer>> filtrate! How do things get filtered? - Answer>> Concentration and pressure gradient allows things to go through. 3 steps of urine production - Answer>> Glomeruler filtration, tubular filtration, tubular secretion glomeruler filtration - Answer>> filtering blood, water & solutes(water, proteins, Na+, cl-, bicarbonate ions, glucose, urea, potassium, ions, uric acid and creatine) in blood plasma move across the wall of glomular capilaries where they are filtered and move into glomeruler capsule and then into renal tubule. -Creating a filtrate=leftover RBC, WBC, platelets, and large proteins Tubular reabsorption - Answer>> As filtered fluid flows along renal tubule and through collecting ducts. 99% if filtered water is reabsorbed.
autoregulation consists of what? - Answer>> smooth muscle, release of nitric oxide(decrease filtration rate) Neural filtration - Answer>> sympathetic. Decrease filtration rate Hormonal regulation - Answer>> Angeodensin II- vasoconstricor. ANP= increase capillary surface area. ADH - Answer>> controls whether urine is dilute or concentrated. Increases water permiability of cells aquaporin-2 in last part of clot and collecting duct. If ADH is present at distal onvoluted tubule, water will be reabsorbed back into the blood resulting in a more concentrated urine production. Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone - Answer>> stimulates principal cells in collecting duct to reabsorb more Na+ and cl- and secrete more K+. Produced kidneys to encourage conversion of angiotenson I. Angiotenson converting enzyme. Angiotensin 2. Adrenal glands secrete. aldosterone. stimulates nephron to absorb water. result in concentrated urine. ADH - Answer>> increases water permiability. Released by cardiac tissue which acts on kidney. Increase sodium excretion in the urine dragging water with it. Resulting in a more dilute urine product. What 9 things are secreted? - Answer>> K+, H+, urea, Na+,cl-, creatine, ammonia, vitamins and minerals
Parathyroid hormone - Answer>> Has nothing to do with water. Kidney and reabsorption. Inhihits osteoblast and increase osteoclasts low adh - Answer>> dilute urine high adh - Answer>> more concentrated urine through water reabsorption. Look at pressures - Answer>> ... 3 major solutes that contribute to concetrated urine - Answer>> sodium, chloride, urea of left over particles in urine. What tests would you do to diagnose the kidneys? - Answer>> High glucose, High creatine, ketones, RBC Put in order the mituration reflex - Answer>> Stretch receptors in bladder send info to brain. Brain- motorneuron: muscle of the bladder wall contracts. Interal sphinter relaxes. Choice to urinate is made. Voluntary release of urine via the external urethral sphinter. In lean adults, what is the body fluids complete make up of the total body mass - Answer>> 55 female, 60 male ECF - Answer>> Includes lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aquenous humor, vitreous body,
What is Chloride regulated by? - Answer>> ADH Potassium - Answer>> Most abundant cations in ICF. Helps regulate pH of body fluids when exchanged for H+. What is Potassium controlled by? - Answer>> aldosterone-stimulates principal cells in renal collecting ducts to secrete excess K+. Bicarbonate - Answer>> second most prevalent extracellular anion. Buffer. Chloride shift helps maintain correct balance of anions in ECF and ICF What is the main regulator for bicarbonate? - Answer>> kidneys are the main. Kidneys can release more or less of low Calcium - Answer>> most abundant mineral in the body.extracellular cation. what important roles does calcium plan - Answer>> blood clotting, neurotransmitters, muscle tone, excitabilty of nervous muscle tissue what is calcium regulated by - Answer>> parathyroid hormone. phosphate - Answer>> 85% in adults as calcium phosphate salts in bone and teeth. remaining 15% ionized as important intracellular anions.
what hormone regulates phosphate? - Answer>> parathyroid magnesium - Answer>> most common intracellular cation. pump. what is magnesium essential for? - Answer>> normal neuromuscular activity, synaptic transmission, and myocardial function Where is magnesium regulated by? - Answer>> blood plasma What are the three buffer systems? - Answer>> bicarbonate, phosphate, protein Acidosis - Answer>> pH <7. Alkalosis - Answer>> pH >7. respitory acidosis - Answer>> acidosis plus elevated PCO2 with normal HCO respitory alkidosis - Answer>> low PCO2 normal HCO Thirst mechanism in brain - Answer>> ...
