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Reregistration of Oxalic Acid: Human and Environmental Risks and Regulations, Study notes of Literature

Shimer CollegeLiterature

A reregistration eligibility document (red) for oxalic acid, a widely used pesticide registered for use as a disinfectant and sanitizer in various settings. The red summarizes the human health and environmental effects of oxalic acid, its regulatory history, and the risk assessment conducted by the environmental protection agency (epa). It also discusses the use profile, occupational and residential exposure, and product labeling requirements for oxalic acid products.

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United States Office of Prevention, Pesticides EPA-738-F-92-014
Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances December 1992
Agency (7508W)
R.E.D. FACTS
Oxalic Acid
Pesticide
Reregistration All pesticides sold or used in the United States must be registered by
EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without
posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of
advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which
were first registered years ago be reregistered to ensure that they meet
today's more stringent standards.
In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a
complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human
health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency imposes
any regulatory controls that are needed to effectively manage each
pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without
posing undue hazards to human health or the environment.
When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA announces this and
explains why in a Reregistration Eligibility Document, or RED. This fact
sheet summarizes the information in the RED for oxalic acid.
Use Profile Oxalic acid is registered for use as a disinfectant to control bacteria
and germs, and as a sanitizer, in toilet bowls, urinals and bathroom
premises. Registered products are formulated as ready-to-use liquids or
solid soluble concentrates, and are applied by sprinkling, pouring, brushing,
swabbing or mopping the product onto the surface to be treated.
Oxalic acid also has many diverse, non-pesticidal, manufacturing and
industrial uses including use in fabric printing and dyeing; bleaching straw
hats; removing paint, varnish, rust or ink stains; and cleaning wood.
Regulatory
History Oxalic acid first was registered as a pesticide in 1957 for the current
bathroom disinfectant uses, as well as use in swimming pool water systems,
drainage systems, sewage systems, eating establishments (to disinfect
equipment and utensils), and other sites. At present, five products
containing oxalic acid are registered.
Oxalic acid is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance (or legal
residue limit) when it is used as an inert ingredient in pesticide formulations
that are applied to growing or harvested crops. EPA also is regulating
oxalic acid under its Inerts Strategy.
Human Health Toxicity
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United States Office of Prevention, Pesticides EPA-738-F-92- Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances December 1992 Agency (7508W)

R.E.D. FACTS

Oxalic Acid

Pesticide

Reregistration

All pesticides sold or used in the United States must be registered by EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which were first registered years ago be reregistered to ensure that they meet today's more stringent standards. In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency imposes any regulatory controls that are needed to effectively manage each pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without posing undue hazards to human health or the environment. When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA announces this and explains why in a Reregistration Eligibility Document, or RED. This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED for oxalic acid.

Use Profile Oxalic acid is registered for use as a disinfectant to control bacteria

and germs, and as a sanitizer, in toilet bowls, urinals and bathroom premises. Registered products are formulated as ready-to-use liquids or solid soluble concentrates, and are applied by sprinkling, pouring, brushing, swabbing or mopping the product onto the surface to be treated. Oxalic acid also has many diverse, non-pesticidal, manufacturing and industrial uses including use in fabric printing and dyeing; bleaching straw hats; removing paint, varnish, rust or ink stains; and cleaning wood.

Regulatory

History

Oxalic acid first was registered as a pesticide in 1957 for the current bathroom disinfectant uses, as well as use in swimming pool water systems, drainage systems, sewage systems, eating establishments (to disinfect equipment and utensils), and other sites. At present, five products containing oxalic acid are registered. Oxalic acid is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance (or legal residue limit) when it is used as an inert ingredient in pesticide formulations that are applied to growing or harvested crops. EPA also is regulating oxalic acid under its Inerts Strategy.

Human Health Toxicity

Assessment Oxalic acid is a substance that occurs naturally in many plants and

vegetables, and also is a product of the metabolism of molds. It is a widely used chemical whose toxicity is well known. In assessing oxalic acid's risks to people, EPA relied on articles in published scientific literature. Oxalic acid is corrosive to the eyes and skin, and has been placed in Toxicity Category I (indicating the highest degree of toxicity) for acute eye and skin irritation effects. It also is highly irritating and damaging to the respiratory system if inhaled. Acute exposure also causes stomach irritation, lowered calcium levels, effects to the nervous system and kidney damage in humans. A subchronic inhalation study in rats showed decreased body weights, restricted growth and disrupted estrous cycles. At the highest dose, the test animals also had reduced thyroid weights and changes in iodine and hormone levels. Metabolism studies show that excess levels of oxalic acid cause kidney damage in mammals. Chronic oral intake in animals produces kidney damage and disturbances in the metabolism of calcium. A multigeneration mouse reproduction study showed reproductive effects and parental toxicity at the highest dose level.

Occupational and Residential Exposure The potential for significant eye and dermal exposure exists when workers or homeowners apply bathroom disinfectant products containing oxalic acid and other active and inert ingredients. These products are liquid and granular formulations applied using brushes, swabs or mops. Exposure, especially to the concentrated formulations, can cause chemical burns to the skin and severe to permanent damage to the eyes.

Human Risk Assessment Although they contain only a small amount of oxalic acid and a much greater amount of other active and inert ingredients, oxalic acid products as formulated and registered for use as bathroom disinfectants can be highly irritating and damaging to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Exposure to the concentrated formulations can result in chemical burns to the skin and severe to permanent eye damage. However, these risks should be low as long as product label directions and precautions are followed.

Environmental

Assessment

Environmental Fate EPA relied on data available in the scientific literature to assess the environmental fate and transport of oxalic acid used as a pesticide. Oxalic acid occurs widely in nature--it is present in the tissues of many plants and algae, serving both to excrete and store calcium. In water, its negative ion forms complexes with a number of metal ions; and oxalic acid is immobilized as a result of this formation of complexes. Both aerobic and anaerobic conditions biodegrade oxalic acid in less than one day.

In the future, the oxalic acid RED will be available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, telephone 703-487-4650.

For more information about oxalic acid or about EPA's pesticide reregistration program, please contact the Special Review and Reregistration Division (7508W), OPP, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 703- 308-8000. For information about reregistration of individual oxalic acid products, please contact Arvella Farmer, Registration Division (7505C), OPP, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 703-305-6939.

For information about the health effects of pesticides, or for assistance in recognizing and managing pesticide poisoning symptoms, please contact the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (NPTN). Call toll- free 1-800-858-7378, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, or fax your inquiry to 806-743-3094.