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UVIC Biology 225 Final exam 2025 Latest
Nernst equation What is used to calculate the membrane potential for a single ion? Goldman equation What is used to calculate the membrane potential that takes account for all ions permeant through that membrane? loss of myelination Multiple sclerosis is associated with what? ion-channel-coupled receptors, g-protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-coupled receptors linked to an enzyme, enzyme-coupled receptor associated with an enzyme What are the four types of cell surface receptors? inactive When an alpha subunit is bound to GDP, it associates with Beta-Gamma subunit and is
exchange of GDP for GTP What causes the alpha subunit to disassociate from the Beta-Gammas subunit? potassium With the cytosol having a higher concentration of _________________ it evens out the negative charge of DNA, RNA, and proteins
no Are leak channels gated? impermeable negatively charged macromolecules What contributes to the net negative resting potential of most cells? 3 and 2 For every molecule of ATP that is hydrolyzed, __ sodium ions are transported out of the cell and __ potassium ion come into the cell. cytoplasmic When membrane depolarize, they become more positively charged on the ___________________ side vesicles held in storage are mobilized for rapid release, vesicles ready for release rapidly dock and fuse with the plasma membrane in the synaptic bouton region What are the two main effects from the release of calcium within the synaptic bouton? insulin receptor binds insulin so the activated restore phosphorylates the IRS-1 protein. IRS- 1 can lead to recruitment of GRB2 activating the Gas pathway What is the first step of the insulin singling pathway? inhibits An antagonist ________ activates An agonist _________ 40 50 ____%-____% of all drugs target GPCR rhodopsin What is the GPCR we use for our vision?
cAMP affects cell activities by interacting directly with? hyperpolarize Inhibitory signals _________________ the membrane and make the membrane potential even more negative than normal metastatic tumor A ___________ _________ is one in which one or more cancer cells have traveled through the bloodstream and invaded a distant organ hydroxylation because it increases the hydrophilicity of the molecule A common mechanism of drug detoxification? why?
- 20 30 Sodium ions flow into the cell when the membrane potential is between ___ mV and ___ mV. crescentin What cytoskeletal protein is found in prokaryotes? GTP hydrolysis What causes catastrophe of the microtubule in vitro? GTP The role of ______ in microtubule polymerization is that it stabilizes the tip of the microtubule, allowing more monomers to be added treadmilling of microtubules microtubules Colchine, Nocadazole, Vinblastine and Paclitaxel are examples of agents that affect what? microfilaments Cytochalsin, Latrunculin A and Phalloidin are examples of agents that affect what?
intermediate filaments Acrylamide is an example of an agent that affects what? 2 Each tubular heterodimer binds ___ GTP molecules catastrophe High tubular concentrations make _____________ less likely but it can still occur plus At any tubular concentration, catastrophe is more likely at the _______ end centrosomes gamma-tubulin is only found in ____________ nerve cell microtubule polarity ciliated epithelial cell microtubule polarity red blood cell microtubule polarity contractile bundle, stress fiber
tetramer two dimers aligned laterally in an offset fashion form a ____________ microfilaments double stranded polymers of G-actin monomers oriented in same direction, which bind ATP same same α-β-tubulin heterodimers are arranged with the ________ (same/mixed) orientation in each protofilament, and protofilaments are arranged with ________ (same/mixed) polarity in the microtubule wall. gamma-tubulin GRiPs Centrosome ring-shaped complexes contain _______ and _________ breast cancer Taxol can treat what? microfilaments _______________ function in cell division, cytoplasmic streaming, muscle contraction and maintenance of animal cell shape intracellular Steroids bind to _____________ receptors, which can then bind to, and regulate, the expression of genes. desmosomes ____________ attach two cells through the interaction of multiple proteins hemidesmosomes _____________ attach cells to the basal lamina gap junction consists of hydrophilic channels formed by the alignment of connexions in the plasma membranes of two adjoining cells disulphide A laminin molecule consists of three large polypeptides joined by ________ bonds into a cross linked structure
focal adhesions For ________________________, integrin is indirectly associated with microfilaments hemidesmosomes For ____________________, integrin is indirectly associated with intermediate filaments focal adhesions localized points of attachment between cell surface integrin molecules and the extracellular matrix; contain clustered integrin molecules that interact with bundles of cytoskeletal actin microfilaments via several linker proteins restriction point or start (transition point) Influenced by growth factors, nutrients, cell size and DNA damage G2-M transition (transition point) Influenced by cell size, DnA damage and DNA replication metaphase-anaphase transition (transtion point) Influenced by chromosome attachments to spindle s phase activated in both Fusion of S phase cell and G1 phase cell =? M phase activated in both Fusion of M phase cell and G1 phase cell =? carcinomas a malignant tutor of epithelial origin (skin, brain, breast, sweat glands, etc.) sarcomas a malignant tumor of the connective tissue or embryonic mesoderm (cartilage, bone, muscle, etc.) lymphomas malignancy of the lymphoid tissue, including thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils and Peyer's patches melanoma
external stimuli and reversible neoplasia tumour, no stimuli required, not reversible dysplasia disorganized growth, may or may not be reversible ames test a test that uses bacteria to measure a chemical's mutagenic activity metastasis ability of cancer cells to enter the bloodstream or other bodily fluids pyrimidine dimer UV radiation triggers _______________________ formation which ultimately leads to mutations from improper base pairing oncogene a gene whose presence can trigger the development of cancer hydroxylating DNA bases, binding to DNA and disrupting base pairing, causing breaks in one or both strands, generating cross-links between DNA strands
What four ways can carcinogens damage DNA? produce mutagenic oxygen-free radicals Chronic inflammation caused by infectious agents can increase the chance of cancer because immune cells fighting the infection
failure of apoptosis Inactivation of p53 pathway leads to what? G1/S, G2/M, anaphase to metaphase transition Where are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle? triggers entry into mitosis A mitotic Idk-cyclin complex ________________________ 1.resting state, 2.depolarzing phase, 3.repolarizing phase, 4.hyperpolarizing phase What are the four steps in changes in ion channels? absolute _________ refractory periods are due to the inactivation of sodium channels
