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USMLE STEP 1 and USMLE STEP 2
Highly tested topics
The Complete Gold Collection
USMLE E-BOOK This is the GOLD collection of highly tested USMLE Step 1 and
USMLE Step 2 topics listed in tables for easy review. These íPEARLSí will appear on your boards exams!
Diseases
Addisonís Disease 1.^ Primary adrenocortical deficiency
Addisonian Anemia 2.^ Pernicious anemia^ (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells^ →^ ↓IF^ →^ ↓Vit B^12 →^ megaloblastic anemia)
Albrightís Syndrome 3.^ Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafÈ au lait spots, short stature, young girls
Alportís Syndrome 4.^ Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
Alzheimerís 5.^ Progressive dementia
Argyll-Robertson Pupil 6.^ Loss of light reflex constriction^ (contralateral or bilateral)
- ìProstituteís Eyeî ñ accommodates but does not react
- Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis
- Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus
Arnold-Chiari Malformation 10.^ Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele
Barrettís 11.^ Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus^ (↑^ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux
Bartterís Syndrome 12.^ Hyperreninemia
Beckerís Muscular Dystrophy 13.^ Similar to Duchenne, but less severe^ (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein)
Bellís Palsy 14.^ CNVII palsy^ (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)
Bergerís Disease 15.^ IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually following infection
Bernard-Soulier Disease 16.^ Defect in plateletadhesion^ (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)
Berry Aneurysm 17.^ Circle of Willis^ (subarachnoid bleed)^ Anterior Communicating artery
- Often associated with ADPKD
Bowenís Disease 19.^ Carcinoma in situ on^ shaft^ of penis^ (↑^ risk of visceral ca)^ [compare w/ Queyrat]
Brill-Zinsser Disease 20.^ Recurrences of rickettsia prowazaki up to 50 yrs later
Briquetís Syndrome 21.^ Somatization disorder
- Psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology
Brocaís Aphasia 23.^ Motor Aphasia (area 44 & 45)^ intact comprehension
Brown-Sequard 24.^ Hemisection of cord^ (contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN / ipsi loss of consc. Proprio)
Brutonís Disease 25.^ X-linked agammaglobinemia (↓^ B cells)
Budd-Chiari 26.^ Post-hepatic venous thrombosis = ab pain; hepatomegaly; ascites; portal HTN; liver failure
Buergerís Disease 27.^ Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of extremities^ →^ painful ischemia^ →^ gangrene
- Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men who smoke.
Burkittís Lymphoma 29.^ Small noncleaved cell lymphoma^ EBV
- 8:14 translocation
- Seen commonly in jaws, abdomen, retroperitoneal soft tissues
- Starry sky appearance
Caisson Disease 33.^ Nitric gas emboli
Chagasí Disease 34.^ Trypansoma infection - cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, achlasia
Chediak-Higashi Disease 35.^ (AR) Phagocyte Deficiency = defect in microtubule polymerization
- Neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy & repeated infections w/ strep & staph
Connís Syndrome 37.^ Primary^ Aldosteron ism: HTN; retain Na^ +^ & H^2 O; hypokalemia (causing alkalosis);^ ↓^ renin
Coriís Disease 38.^ Type III Glycogenosis ñ Glycogen storage disease^ (debranching enz: amylo 1,6 glucosidase def.^ ↑^ Glycogen)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob 39.^ Prion infection^ →^ cerebellar & cerebral degeneration
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome 40.^ Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)
- Glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Can progress to Kernicterus
- Less severe form will respond to Phenobarbital therapy
Crohnís 43.^ IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, cobblestones, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas
- (contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, ↑ colon cancer risk)
- Clinically: ab pain & diarrhea; fever; malabsorption; fistulae b/t intestinal loops & abd structures
Curlingís Ulcer 46.^ Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Cushingís 47.^ Disease:^ Hypercorti cism 2°^ to^ ↑^ ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma)
- Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1° adrenal or ectopic)
- moon face; buffalo hump; purple striae; hirsutism; HTN; hyperglycemia
Lou Gehrigís 102. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis^ degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons
Mallory-Weis Syndrome 103. Bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2°^ to wretching (alcoholics)
Marfanís 104. Connective tissue defect: defective Fibrillin gene^ Dissecting aortic aneurysm, subluxation of lenses
McArdleís Disease 105. Type V Glycogenosis - Glycogen storage disease^ (muscle phosphorylase deficiency =^ ↑^ Glycogen)
Meckelís Diverticulum 106. Rule of 2ís: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in 2% of the population
- Embryonic duct origin; may have ectopic tissue: gastric/pancreatic remnant of vitteline duct/yolk stalk
Meigís Syndrome 108. Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax ñ associated w/ fibroma of ovaries
Menetrierís Disease 109. Giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)
Monckebergís Arteriosclerosis 110. Calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.)
Munchausen Syndrome 111.^ Factitious disorder^ (consciously creates symptoms, but doesnít know why)
Nelsonís Syndrome 112. 1°^ Adrenal Cushings^ →^ surgical removal of adrenals^ →^ loss of negative feedback to pituitary^ →
Pituitary Adenoma
Niemann-Pick 113. Lysosomal Storage Disease^ (sphingomyelinase deficiency ñ sphingomyelin accumulation)
- ìFoamy histiocytesî
Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome 115. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Seen in the Mormonís of Utah.
Pagetís Disease 116. Abnormal bone architecture^ (thickened, numerous fractures^ →^ pain)
Pancoast Tumor 117. Bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement^ →^ Hornerís Syndrome
Parkinsonís 118. Dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts
Peutz-Jegherís Syndrome (AD) 119. Melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia + hamartomatous polyps of small intestine
Peyronieís Disease 120. Subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis
Pickís Disease ñ 2 Different
Diseases -
- Progressive dementia similar to Alzheimerís
- Constrictive pericarditis ñ sequel to mediastinal tuberculosis
- Calcium-frosting, unyielding layer ñ heart chambers may be unable to dilate to receive blood during diastole
Plummerís Syndrome 124. Hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs^ (Plummerís = Graveís - eye signs)
Plummer-Vinson 125. Esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, spoon-shaped nails,^ ↑^ SCCA of esophagus
Pompeís Disease 126. Type II Glycogenosis ñ Glycogen storage disease^ →^ cardiomegaly^ (α^ 1,4 Glucosidase deficiency:^ ↑^ Glycogen)
Pottís Disease 127. Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae
Potterís Complex 128. Renal agenesis^ →^ oligohydramnios^ →^ hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities
Raynaudís 129.^ Disease:^ recurrent vasospasm in extremities = seen in young, healthy women
- Phenomenon: 2 ° to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)
Reiterís Syndrome 131. Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis^ non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular
Reyeís Syndrome 132. Microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy
- 2° to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness, especially VZV
Riedelís Thyroiditis 134. Idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid
Rotor Syndrome 135. Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)
- Similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver
Sezary Syndrome 137. Leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)
Shaverís Disease 138. Aluminum inhalation^ →^ lung fibrosis
Sheehanís Syndrome 139. Postpartum pituitary necrosis = hemorrhage & shock usually occurred during delivery
Shy-Drager 140. Parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension
Simmondís Disease 141. Pituitary cachexia ñ can occur from either pituitary tumors or Sheehanís
Sippleís Syndrome 142. MEN type IIa = pheochromocytoma, thyroid medullary CA, hyperparathyroidism
Sjogrenís Syndrome 143. Triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis^ ↑^ risk of B-cell lymphoma
Spitz Nevus 144. Juvenile melanoma (always benign)
Stein-Leventhal 145. Polycystic ovary: see amenorrhea; infertility; obesity; hirsutism =^ ↑↑LH secretion
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 146. Erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration^ (often 2°^ to infection = mycoplasma or sulfa drugs)
Stillís Disease 147. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)
Takayasuís arteritis 148. Aortic arch syndrome
- Loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses = pulseless disease. Night sweats.
- Common in young Asian females
Tay-Sachs (AR) 151. Gangliosidosis^ (hexosaminidase A deficiency^ →^ GM2 ganglioside)^ Cherry Red Spots of the Macula
Tetralogy of Fallot 152. 1.VSD, 2.overriding aorta, 3.pulmonary artery stenosis, 4.right ventricular hypertrophy
Touretteís Syndrome 153. Involuntary actions, both motor and vocal^ Txt w/ Pimozide
Turcotís Syndrome 154. Colon adenomatous polyps plus CNS tumors
Turnerís Syndrome 155. 45, XO = most common cause of Primary Amenorrhea. No Barr body on buccal smear.
Vincentís Infection 156. ìTrench mouthî ñ acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis due to^ Fusobacterium
Von Gierkeís Disease 157. Type I Glycogenosis ñ Glycogen storage disease^ (G6Ptase deficiency) ñ Glycogen accumulaiton
Von Hippel-Lindau 158. Hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma) = cerebellum, brain stem, & retina
- Adenomas of the viscera, especially ↑ Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Chromosome 3p
Von Recklinghausenís 161. Neurofibromatosis & cafÈ au lait spots & Lisch nodules (Chromosome 17)
Von Recklinghausenís Disease of Bone 162. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (ìbrown tumorî) 2° to hyperparathyroidism = osteoclastic resorption w/
- fibrous replacement
Von Willebrandís Disease (AD) 164. Defect in platelet adhesion 2°^ to deficiency in vWF.^ ↑aPPT,^ ↑^ Bleed time
Waldenstromís macroglobinemia 165. Proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells in men 50-70 yoa; PAS(+)^ Dutch er bodies
Wallenbergís Syndrome 166. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis^ ìMedullary Syndromeî
- Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp
Waterhouse-Friderichsen 168. Adrenal insufficiency 2°^ to DIC
- DIC 2° to meningiococcemia
Weberís Syndrome 170. Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain
- Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body)
Wegenerís Granulomatosis 172. Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.
Weilís Disease 173. Icteric Leptospirosis^ non-icteric pr^ gresses to renal failure & myocarditis
- Dark field microscopy for dx
Wermerís Syndrome 175. MEN type I = thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary
Wernickeís Aphasia 176. Sensory Aphasia^ impaired comprehension
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 177. Thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies (mediodorsal nucleua)^ (confusion, ataxia,
ophthalmoplegia)
Whippleís Disease 178. Malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis
Wilsonís Disease 179. Hepatolenticular degeneration^ (copper accumulation [Txt w/ Penicillamine ] & decrease in ceruloplasmin)
- Mallory Bodies in the Liver & also w/ alcoholic hepatitis & Hyaline change
- Chromosome 13
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome 182. Immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)
- ↓ IgM w/ ↑ IgA
Wolff-Chaikoff Effect 184. High iodine level (−)ís thyroid hormone synthesis
Zenkerís Diverticulum 185. Esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES
Zollinger-Ellison 186. Gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas^ (or intestine)^ →^ ↑^ acid^ →^ recurrent ulcers
Rogerís Disease 187. Interventricular septal defect
Barlowís Syndrome 188. Floppy vale syndrome ñ women b/t 20-40 yoa
Bracht-Wachter Lesions 189. Minute abscesses found in subacute bacterial endocarditis
Lutembacherís Syndrome 190. Combination of septum secundum atrial septal defect w/ mitral stenosis
Schmidtís Syndrome 191. Autoimmnue thyroid Disease (Hashimotoís ) & insulin-dependent diabetes
Hallmark Findings
Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation 192. Guillain-Barre^ (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)
Antiplatelet Antibodies 193. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Arachnodactyly 194. Marfanís
Aschoff Bodies 195. Rheumatic fever
Auer Rods 196. Acute promyelocytic leukemia^ (AML type M 3 )
Autosplenectomy 197. Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu^!^ val in^ β^ chain
- Low O 2 ↑ sickling
- Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection
- Salmonella osteomyelitis
- Vaso-occlusive painful crisises
- Hydroxyurea as Txt (↑ Hb F^ ) & Bone marrow transplant
Babinski 203. UMN lesion
Basophilic Stippling of RBCs 204. Lead poisoning
Bence Jones Protein 205. Multiple myeloma^ free light chains (either kappa or lambda)
- Waldenstromís macroglobinemia
Birbeck Granules 207. Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
Blue Bloater 208. Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic
recurrent productive cough)
Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli 263. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis ñ prototype of nephritic syndrome
Mallory Bodies 264. Alcoholic hepatitis
McBurneyís Sign 265. Appendicitis^ (McBurneyís Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)
Michealis-Gutmann Bodies 266. Malakoplakia^ lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli
Monoclonal Antibody Spike 267. Multiple myeloma^ this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)
268. MGUS
Myxedema 269. Hypothyroidism
Negri Bodies 270. Rabies
Neuritic Plaques 271. Alzheimerís
Neurofibrillary Tangles 272. Alzheimerís
Non-pitting Edema 273. Myxedema
- Anthrax Toxin
Notching of Ribs 275. Coarctation of Aorta
Nutmeg Liver 276. CHF = causing congested liver
Owls Eye Cells 277. CMV
- Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma)
- Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever
Painless Jaundice 280. Pancreatic CA (head)
Pannus 281. Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that^ ↓^ w/ joint use, HLA-DR
Pautrierís Microabscesses 282. Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary
Philadelphia Chromosome 283. CML
Pick Bodies 284. Pickís Disease
2 types of COPD 285. Pink Puffer ñ Type A: Emphysema
- Blue Bloater ñ Type B: Bronchitis
- Emphysema Centroacinar ñ smoking Panacinar - α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency
Podagra 288. Gout^ (MP joint of hallux)
Port-Wine Stain 289. Hemangioma
Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign 290. Tearing of the ACL
Psammoma Bodies 291. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
- Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
- Meningioma
- Mesothelioma
Pseudohypertrophy 295. Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf muscles, due to^ ↑^ fat
Punched-Out Bone Lesions 296. Multiple myeloma
Rash on Palms & Soles 297. 2°^ Syphilis
298. RMSF
- Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
Red Morning Urine 300. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use^ Hamís test^ to confirm.
Reed-Sternberg Cells 301. Hodgkinís Disease
Reid Index Increased 302. Chronic bronchitis =^ ↑d ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness
Reinke Crystals 303. Leydig cell tumor
Rouleaux Formation 304. Multiple myeloma^ RBCís stacked as poker chips
S3 Heart Sound 305. L→R Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD)
- Mitral Regurg
- LV Failure
S4 Heart Sound 308. Pulmonary Stenosis
- Pulmonary HTN
Schwartzman Reaction 310. Neisseria meningitidis^ impressive rash with bugs
Smith Antigen 311. SLE^ (also anti-dsDNA)
- Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL)
- 90% 14-45 yo females
- also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome
Soap Bubble on X-Ray 315. Giant cell tumor of bone
Spike & Dome Glomeruli 316. Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome
- Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3)
String Sign on X-ray 318. Crohnís^ bowel wall thickening
Target Cells 319. Thalassemia^ in^ α^ Thalassemia w/ no^ α^ gene: Hydrops Fetalis & Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts
Tendinous Xanthomas 320. Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Thyroidization of Kidney 321. Chronic pyelonephritis
Tophi 322. Gout
Tram-Track Glomeruli 323. Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome ñ^ basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers
Trousseauís Sign 324. Visceral ca, classically pancreatic^ (migratory thrombophlebitis)
- Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
- These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name.
Virchowís Node 327. Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells 328. Measles
WBC Casts 329. Pyelonephritis
Whippleís Triad 330. CNS disfunction ñ Hypoglycemic episodes ñ glu injection reverses CNS Symptís
Wire Loop Glomeruli 331. Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)
↑ AFP in amniotic fluid or motherís
serum
- Spina Bifida
- Anencephaly
↑ Uric Acid 334. Gout
- Lesch Nyhan
- Myeloproliferative Disorders
- Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)
↓ FEV 1 /FVC 338. COPD
ìGround Glassî on chest x-ray
(Hyaline)
- Due to Pneumocystis carinii
- Seen w/ Atelectasia
Honey Combing of the lung 341. Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease)
Crescents 342. Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)
Linear Ig Deposits 343. Goodpastures syndrome
45 Degree Branch Points 344. Aspergillosis
PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies 345. Waldenstromís Macroglobulinemia =^ ↑IgM = Hyperviscosity
ìGround Glassî in Abdomen (Hyaline) 346. Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies
ìSignet Ringî Cells 347. Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenbergís tumor that has metastasized from the
stomach
Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline) 348. Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes
- Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant)
Congo Red 350. Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls
Meningiomas & Progesterone 351. Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid growth in pregnancy can occur
Tuberous Sclerosis Triad 352. Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital facial white spots or macules):
angiofibromas
Cowdry A Inclusions 353. Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis ñ^ in oligodendroglia,^ (Type B in infection with poliovirus)
Devicís Syndrome 354. ìNeuromyelitis Opticaî
- A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia
c-erb B2 356. Breast Cancer association
Foster-Kennedy Syndrome 357. A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema
Hoffmanís Sign 358. Flicking of the middle fingerís nail
Red Nucleus Destruction 359. Intention tremors of the arm
Ventral Spinocerebellar tr. 360. Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities
Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr. 361. Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements
Cuneocerebellar tr. 362. Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of upper extremities
Dorsal Column 363. Conscious proprioception of the body
Lateral Spinothalamic tr. 364. Pain & Temperature sensation
Ventral Spinothalamic tr. 365. Light touch perception
SVA 366. Taste & Smell
GSE 367. Muscles of the eye & of the tongue
SSA 368. Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium
GVA 369. Sensation of tongue; soft palate.^ Carotid Body & Sinus innervation
GVE 370. Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation
- Gland innervation = secretions
Bug in Epiglottitis 414. Hib
Bug in GI Tract 415. Bacteroides^ (2nd^ ñ E. coli)
Bug in IV drug user
bacteremia / pneumonia
- Staph aureus
Bug in PID 417. N. Gonnorrhoeae
Bug in Subacute Endocarditis 418. Strep Viridans
CA of urinary collecting
system
- Transitional cell CA (assoc. w/ benzidine; βnaphthylamine; analine dyes; long term txt w/ cyclophosphamide)
Cardiac 1ry^ Tumor ñ Adults 420. Myxoma: ìBall Valveî
Cardiac 1ry^ Tumor ñ Child 421. Rhabdomyoma ñ associated w/ Tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac Tumor ñ Adults 422. Metasteses
Cardiomyopathy 423. Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy: Alcohol, BeriBeri, Cocaine use, Coxsackie B, Doxorubicin
- Systolic Dysfunction
Cause of 2ry^ HTN 425. Renal Disease
Cause of Addisonís 426. Autoimmune (2nd^ ñ infection)
Cause of breast lumps 427. CA of the breast
Cause of chronic
endometriosis
428. TB
Cause of Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia
- 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: NaCl lost & Hypotension (then, 11- NaCl retention & HTN)
Cause of Cushings 430. Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1ry^ ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)
Cause of Death in Alzheimer
pts
- Pneumonia
Cause of Death in Diabetics 432. MI
Cause of Death in premature 433. NRDS = hyaline membrane disease
Cause of Death in SLE pts. 434. Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) = Renal Disease
Cause of Dementia 435. Alzheimerís
Cause of Dementia (2nd^ most
common)
- Multi-Infarct Dementia
Cause of Dwarfism 437. Achondroplasia
Cause of Food poisoning 438. Staph aureus
Cause of Hematosalpynga 439. Ectopic pregnancy
Cause of Hypoparathyroidism 440. Throidectomy
Cause of Hypothyroidism 441. Corrective surgery I31 treatment
Cause of Kidney infections 442. E. coli
Cause of Liver disease in US 443. Alcohol consumption
Cause of Malignancy in
children
- Acute leukemia
Cause of Mental retardation 445. Downís
Cause of Mental retardation
(2nd^ most common)
- Fragile X
Cause of NaCl loss and
Hypotension
- 21 hydroxylase deficiency
Cause of PID 448. N. ghonorrhea
Cause of Portal cirrhosis 449. Alcohol
Cause of Preventable
Blindness
- Chlamydia (serotypes A,B,Ba,C)
Cause of Pulmonary HTN 451. COPD
Cause of Secondary
Hypertension
- Renal disease
Cause of SIADH 453. Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Cause of UT Obstruction in
men
- BPHyperplasia
Cause Pernicious Anemia 455. Chronic atrophic gastritis = no production of intrinsic factor
Chromosomal Disorder 456. Downís
Common Tumor of the
Appendix
- Carcinoid tumor: flushing; diarrhea; bronchospasm; RHeart valvular lesions
- Txt: Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
Congenital Cardiac Anomaly 459. VSD (membranous > muscular)
Congenital Early Cyanosis 460. Tetralogy of Fallot =right to left shunt
Coronary Artery Thrombosis 461. LAD artery: MI
Demyelinating Disease 462. Multiple Sclerosis:^ (Charcot Triad = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)
- Periventricular plaques w/ ↓ Oligodenrocytes
- ↑ IgG in CSF, Optic Neuritis, MLF Syndorme = Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, bladder incontinence
Dental Tumor 465. Odontoma
Dietary Deficiency 466. Iron
Disease of the Breast 467. Fibrocystic disease
Disseminated Opportunistic
Infection in AIDS
- CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)
Esophageal Cancer 469. SCCA
Fallopian Tube Malignancy 470. AdenoCA
Fatal Genetic Defect in
Caucasians
- Cystic Fibrosis (chromosome 7q)
Female Tumor 472. Leimyoma
Form of Amyloidosis 473. Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)
Form of Tularemia 474. Ulceroglandular
Germ Cell Tumor of Testes 475. Seminoma (analogous to dysgerminoma of ovaries)
Gynecological Malignancy 476. Endometrial Carcinoma
Gynecological Finding 477. Endometrial CA
Heart Murmur 478. Mitral Valve Prolapse
Heart Valve in Bacterial
Endocarditis
- Mitral
Heart Valve in Bacterial
Endocarditis in IV drug users
- Tricuspid
Heart Valve involved in
Rheumatic Fever
- Mitral then Aortic
Hereditary Bleeding Disorder 482. Von Willebrandís Disease
Hormone secreted in
Pituitary Adenoma
- Prolactin
Inherited disease of the
Kidney
- Adult polycystic kidney disease: associated w/ polycystic liver, Berry aneurysms, Mitral prolapse
- APD1 ñ chromosome 16
Intracranial tumor in adults 486. Glioblastoma mulitforme
Islet Tumor 487. Insulinoma =^ β^ cell tumor
Liver 1ry^ Tumor 488. Hepatoma
Liver Disease 489. Alcoholic Liver Disease
Location of Adenocarcinoma
of the Pancreas
- Head (99%)
Location of Adult Brain
Tumors
- Above Tentorium
Location of Childhood Brain
Tumors
- Below Tentorium
Lung Tumor, malignant or
benign
- Malignant
Lung Tumor, primary or
secondary
- Secondary
Lysosomal Storage Disease 495. Gaucherís
Malignancy in Women 496. Lung (2nd^ breast)
Malignancy of the Larynx 497. Glottic CA (squamous cell)
Site of Embolic Occlusion 536. Middle cerebral aa: contralateral paralysis; aphasias; motor & sensory loss
Site of Metastasis 537. Regional Lymph Nodes
Site of Metastasis (2nd
most common)
- Liver
Sites of Atherosclerosis 539. Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
Skin CA of Fair Skinned
People
- Malignant melanoma
Skin Cancer 541. Basal Cell Carcinoma
Small Intestine Congenital
Anomaly
- Meckelís diverticulum
Stomach Cancer 543. Adeno ñ associated w/ blood group A
Testicular Tumor 544. Seminoma = malignant painless testes growth
Thyroid Anomaly 545. Thryoglossal duct cyst
Thyroid CA 546. Papillary CA
Tracheoesophageal Fistula 547. Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus ñ blind pouch ñ polyhydramnios association
Tumor in men <20 548. Germ cell tumor
Tumor of Infancy 549. Benign vascular tumor = port wine stain = Hemangioma
Tumor of the Stomach >
years of age
- CA of stomach (adeno CA)
Type of Hodgkinís 551. Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)
Type of Non-Hodgkinís 552. Follicular, small cleaved
Type of Portal Cirrhosis 553. Micronodular
Type of Soft Tissue Tumor
of Childhood
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
Vasculitis (of medium & small
arteries)
- Temporal Arteritis (branch of Carotid Artery)
Viral Encephalitis 556. HSV
Worm Infection in US 557. Pinworm (2nd^ ñ Ascaris)
Worst Prognosis in Thyroid
Cas
- Follicular CA
Cause of Lobar Pneumonia 559. Strep. Pneumoniae
Cause of Death b/t 24-44 yoa 560. AIDS
Cause of Pneumonia in Cystic
Fibrosis
- Pseudomonas
Cause of Osteomyelitis in IV
Drug Users
- Pseudomonas
Cause of Infection in Burn
Pts
- Pseudomonas
Mental Problem in Males 564. Specific phobia
Intelligence Test 565. Stanford Binet (ages 6 & under)
- WIPSI (ages 4-6)
- WISK-R (for ages 6-17)
- WAIS-R (for > 17 yoa)
Paraphilia 569. Pedophilia
Metabolite seen w/
Pheochromocytoma
- VMA: vanillylmandelic acid (NE metabolite)
Severe Shigella 571. Dysenteriae
Bug in Otitis Media &
Sinusitis in Kids
- Strep. Pneumoniae
Cause of a Solitary Brain
Abscess
- A. Israelli
Cause of Bacterial Diarrhea
in U.S.
- Campylobacter jejuni
Shigella Type 575. S. Sonnei
Cause of Non-Ghonococcal
Urethritis
- Chlamydia trichomonas
Pneumonia 577. Strep. Pneumoniae
Urethritis 578. N. ghonorrhea
Cause of Glomerulonephritis 579. IgA Nephropathy = Bergerís Disease
Cause of Viral Pneumonia 580. RSV ñ infants
- Parainfluenza ñ kids
- Influenza virus ñ adults
- Adeno virus ñ military recruits
Complication of COPD 584. Pulmonary infections
Cause of Death w/ SLE 585. Renal failure
Atrial Septal Defect 586. Ostium Secundum Type
Warm Antibody 587. Most common form of immune hemolytic anemia
- IgG auto antibodies to RBC
- See spherocytosis; (+) Coombsí test; complication to CLL
Immunodeficiency 590. IgA Deficiency
Congenital GIT Anomaly 591. Meckelís Diverticulum: persistence of vitelline duct/yolk sac stalk
Cause of Congenital
Malformation
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Pharmacology
Autonomic Nervous System
Epinephrine 1.^ α1,^ α2,^ β1,^ β^2
Norepinephrine 2.^ α1,^ α2,^ β1 (no^ β2 activity)
GABA 3.^ Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization
Muscarinic-r 4.^ Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd^ messengers
- Parasympathetic control
Bethanechol 6.^ Cholinergic.^ ↑^ GI & Bladder motility.^ Txt atonic bladder post-op
Pilocarpine 7.^ Cholinergic. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary constriction= accomodation.
- Txt acute glaucoma
Isoflurophate 9.^ Organophosphate. Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r
Pralidoxime 10.^ ì2PAMî. Reverses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase
Neostigmine 11.^ Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r
12. Txt Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia Gravis 13.^ Anitbodies to Ach-r.^ ↑íg muscular weakness due to Achís weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r
Tubocurium 14.^ Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r.
- Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ
- ↑ Histamine release= ↓ BP & ↑ bronchospasm
Trimethaphan 17.^ Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS
Pancurium 18.^ More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release
Succinylcholine 19.^ Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton
- Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis. Continuous infusion.
α1 & Eye 21.^ Mydriasis due to norepinephrine. Prazosin (-).
M-r & Eye 22.^ Miosis due to Ach. Atropine (-).
Sympathetic 23.^ Post ganglionic symapthetic fibers releases norepinephrine
Parasym. 24.^ Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach
M3-r & Eye 25.^ Contracts sphincter = miosis. Contracts ciliary = accomodation.
M2-r & Heart 26.^ Negative chronotropy:^ ↓^ HR = vagal arrest
- Negative inotropy: ↓ contractility
M3-r & Lung 28.^ Bronchospasm^ ↑secretions
M3-r & GI 29.^ ↑^ motility (cramps & diarrhea). Involuntary defecation
Tacrine 30.^ Acetylcholine esterase (-)r.^ Txt Alzheimerís
Atropine 31.^ DOC w/ vagal arrest
Glycoperrolate 32.^ M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
Pirenzepine 33.^ M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
Warfarin 29.^ (-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting factors= anticoagulation state
Heparin 30.^ Dependent on Antithrombin III activation
TPA 31.^ Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot. Short t1/2, given IV.
- Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots= bleeding & stroke complications arise
Streptokinase 33.^ From bacteria= allergies arise. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Urokinase 34.^ Human source.^ ↑^ plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Colestipol 35.^ Bile acid sequestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption=^ ↑↑^ LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA.
Lovastatin 36.^ HMGCoA reductase(-)=^ ↑^ LDL-r synthesis. Pravastatin/ Mevastatin same MOA.
Losartan 37.^ ↓^ Aldosterone.^ ↑^ Renin 2-3xís
Diazoxide 38.^ Txt insulinomas. Not balanced vasodilator= onlt dilates arterial smooth muscle
Clonidine 39.^ Central^ α2(+).^ ↓^ TPR via^ ↓^ symapthetic effect
Methyldopa 40.^ Central^ α2(+). (++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia
Phenytoin 41.^ ClassIb. Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity
Procainamide 42.^ ClassIa. SLE like syndrome.
Indopamide 43.^ Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol levels
Thiazides 44.^ Older black men w/ HTN due to^ ↑^ Renin.
β(-) 45.^ Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm)
ACEIs 46.^ (-) change AI^!^ AII. (-) Bradykinin inactivation. Captopril/ Enalapril
- Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly
Epinephrine 48.^ ↑^ contraction rate & force via^ β1.
- ↑ systolic but ↓ diastolic BP.
- ↓ peripheral resistance via β2 vasodilaiton
Norepi. 51.^ ↑^ heart rate and^ ↑^ systolic and diastolic BP
- ↑ peripheral blood vessel resistance
Methyldopa 53.^ DOC for pregnancy induced HTN
Quinidine pre-txt 54.^ Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will^ ↓^ ventricular response: Dig.;β(-); Ca Ch.(-)
ClassII 55.^ β(-)^ ↓risk fo reinfarction & sudden death following MI
ìGray manî 56.^ Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia
Beperidil 57.^ Ca Ch(-). Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes
ACEIs 58.^ Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles:^ ↓GFR & Filtration pressure
- ↓ Diabetic renal failure progression
Adenosine 60.^ Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ieÖ Theophyline)
- Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular Tachycardia
Enoxaparin 62.^ Low molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant
Isoproterenol 63.^ ↑HR &^ ↓MAP
Variant angina 64.^ Use Ca Ch. (-)r ieÖ Nifedipine
Contraindicated in
CHF
- β (-)r = you donít want to ↓ the heartís pumping strength
CNS
ìTOMî 1.^ Short ñacting BDZs:
- Triazolam
- Onazelam
- Midazolam
Butyrophenone 5.^ Haloperidol & Droperidol
Atypical D4 6.^ Clozapine ñ Thioridazine ñ Olanzepine ñ Risperidone = Do not cause EPS
Flumazenil 7.^ BDZ antidote for OD
Methylphenidate 8.^ Txt attention deficit disorder
Phenytoin 9.^ Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip & palate
Thiopental 10.^ Short acting Barb
Carbamazepine 11.^ DOC trigeminal neuralgia. Txt lennox gestaut seizures in kids
Atypical D4-r 12.^ Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine
Pimozide 13.^ Txt Touretteís
Risperidone 14.^ Good for negative symptoms
Thioridazine 15.^ Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic
Haloperidol 16.^ Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2 block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine
Imirpamine 17.^ Enurisis
Clomirpramine 18.^ Txt OCD^ See aggressive behavior w/ use
Trazadone 19.^ Priapism
Bupropion 20.^ Helps to quit smoking
SSRIs 21.^ Primarily used for OCD
Fluoxetine 22.^ Good for negative symptoms
Phenelzine 23.^ Irreversible MAOI
Lithium 24.^ Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder
- Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity
Alprazolam 28.^ DOC stage fright
Propranolol 29.^ Social phobia
κ-r 30.^ Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation. Constipation.
μ-r 31.^ Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression. +sedation.
Morphine & O 2 32.^ Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation=^ ↓^ CO 2 sensitivity and O 2 admin. can stop breathing.
Morphine 33.^ ↑^ ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma
Morphine OD 34.^ 1.pinpoint pupils 2.↓íd respiraiton 3.coma
Meperidine 35.^ Anesthetic used during labor
Hydromorphone 36.^ μ(+) used in renal failure
Tramadol 37.^ Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain
Naloxone 38.^ Txt opioid OD. Reverses respiratory depression
Pentazocine 39.^ Part^ κ(+) & part^ μ(-)
Butorphenol 40.^ Part^ κ(+) & part^ μ(-)
Nalbuphene 41.^ Part^ κ(+) & part^ μ(-)
↓ GABA 42.^ ↓^ seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs
↓ Fast Na Ch. 43.^ ↓^ electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine
Methoxyflurane 44.^ Can be nephrotoxic. Needs low MAC for anesthetic induction.
Enflurane 45.^ Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms
Isoflurane 46.^ Can cause bronchospasm
Halothane 47.^ Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant hyperthermia & Hepatitis
Nitric Oxide 48.^ No effect on HR. Needs high MAC for anesthetic induction.
Thiopental 49.^ Short acting Barb.
Kentamine 50.^ Dissociative anesthetic
Droperidol 51.^ Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
- Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block
Fentanyl 53.^ Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
- Used transdermally for chronic pain
Midazolam 55.^ Pre anesthetic. Induces amnesia
Primidone 56.^ Biotransformed to Phenobarb.
C & A delta Fibers 57.^ First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia
Esters 58.^ Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine
- Broken down and make PABA (allergen)
Amides 60.^ Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= ìiî before ìcaineî always an amide
- Metabolized in the liver
Amphetamine 62.^ DA reuptake (-)ír. MAOI. Parkinsonís txt
Bromocriptine 63.^ D2(+). Used w/ L-Dopa for ìon-offî phenomenon of Parkinsonís
Benztropine 64.^ Ant M w/ some DA reuptake (-). Parkinsonís txt
Amantidine 65.^ ↓^ DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling.
Diphenhydramine 66.^ Txt early Parkinsonís stages
Pergolide 67.^ > Effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine
Ethosuximide 68.^ DOC for Absence seizures
Tranylcypromine 69.^ MAOI = antidepressant
SSRI & MAOI 70.^ Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI)
Labor opioids 71.^ Meperidine & Nalbuphine
Nifurtimox 58.^ DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi
Erythromycin 59.^ Used in pts allergic to penicillins
Nystatin 60.^ Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis
Acyclovir 61.^ Guanine analog
- Txt Herpes infections
Imipenem 63.^ Used w/ Cilastatin
- Can cause seizures
Cefoperazone side effects 65.^ Bleeding due to vit K level alterations
- Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders
Vancomycin 67.^ Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus)
- ìRed neckî: due to histamine release causes facial flushing
Meropenem 69.^ used w/ Cilastatin
- Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem)
Nafcillin 71.^ Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment
Peripheral neuropathy 72.^ Seen w/ use of:
- Metronidazole ñ Isoniazid ñ Vincristine ñ ddI ñ AZT ñ Allopurinol
Sulfonamides & newborns 74.^ Kernicterus can occur
ìO.N.E.î for gonorrhea 75.^ Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:
- O = Ofloxacin
- N = Norfloxacin
- E = Enoxacin
Ribavirin 79.^ Txt RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
Anti-Neoplastics
Cyclosporine 80.^ Protects against rejections from organ transplants
- Does not induce bone marrow depression
Cyclophosphamide 82.^ Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of DNA
- Txt CLL
Cisplatinís toxicities 84.^ Nephro- & Ototoxicity
Methotrexate 85.^ Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase
Leucovorin Rescue 86.^ Can block/reduce Methotrexate =^ ↑^ folic acid via a reduced folate
Bleomycin toxicities 87.^ Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis
Azathiorine 88.^ Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts
- Allopurinol can ↑ its activity by (-) its biotransformation to xanthine oxidase
MOPP 90.^ Chemotherapy used in the txt of Hodgkinís disease
- M = Mechlorethamine ñ nitrogen mustard
- O = Oncovin (Vincristine) ñ prevents microtubule assembly
- P = Procarbazine
- P = Prednisone ñ glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis
Tamoxifen 95.^ (-) estrogen receptor
- Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA
Flutamide 97.^ Antiandrogenic
- Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog)
- Txt prostatic CA
Megestrol 100. (-) progesterone receptor
- Txt endometrial CA
Fluoxymesterone 102. Androgenic steroid
- Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women
Methotrexate 104. Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by (-) dihydrofolate reductase
- Txt of ALL
- Txt of Psoriasis
Brain tumor Txt 107. Lomustine
- Carmustine ñ Causes pulmonary fibrosis
Streptozocin 109. Attaches to^ β^ cells
- Txt of pancreatic insulinomas
Cytarabine (AraC) 111.^ Pyrimidine analog
- DOC for AML
Dactinomycin 113. Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma
Etoposide 114. Used for oat cell CA
Paclitaxel 115. Used for ovarian CA
Amifostine 116. Can^ ↓^ nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin
Pathology
Mobitz I 117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd^ degree block.
- Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
Mobitz II 119. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd^ degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
P wave 120. Atrial depol.
a wave 121. LA contraction
T wave 122. Vetricular repol.
Wavy fibers 123. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
Janewayís lesions 124. Acute bacterial endocarditis.
- Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.
Oslerís nodes 126. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
- Tender lesions of fingers & toes.
Thiamine defcy 128. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
- Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
- Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
Fibrinous Pericarditis 131. Associated w/ MI: Dresslerís
Serous Pericarditis 132. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
Friction Rub 133. Pericarditis association
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis 134. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 135. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
- Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
- Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
PMLís infectious agent 138. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
Edema 139.^ ↑Pc (more seeps out)
- ↓πc (less reabsorbed)
- ↑ permeability
- Block lymphatic drainage
Adult Polycystic Kidney
Disease
- Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
- 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis
Malignant HTN & Kidneys 145. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
Nephritic signs 146. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
Nephrotic signs 147. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
Podocyte Effacement seen
w/
- Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
ASO seen in 149. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to^ βHGASrtep)
- Anti streptolysin O
Crescentic GN 151. Rapidly progressive GN ñ nephritic syndrome
- Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis
Hereditary Nephritis 153. Alportís syndrome. X linked
- Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities
Membranoproliferative GN 155. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
- See tram tracking
TypeI Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
- C3 & IgG deposits
TypeII Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
- Only C3 deposits
- Aka Dense deposit disease
Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis deposits
- IgM & C3 deposits
Cold agglutinins 161. Seen in atypical pneumonia
- It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs
Scrofula 163. TB in the lymph nodes
Aspirin-Asthma Triad 164. Nasal polyps ñ Rhinitis ñ bronchoconstriction
Ferruginous bodies 165. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-^ ) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
Pancoastís tumor causes 166. Ulnar nerve pain & Hornerís syndrome