Uworld summary for the boards, Summaries of Medicine

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USMLE STEP 1 and USMLE STEP 2

Highly tested topics

The Complete Gold Collection

USMLE E-BOOK This is the GOLD collection of highly tested USMLE Step 1 and

USMLE Step 2 topics listed in tables for easy review. These íPEARLSí will appear on your boards exams!

Diseases

Addisonís Disease 1.^ Primary adrenocortical deficiency

Addisonian Anemia 2.^ Pernicious anemia^ (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells^ →^ ↓IF^ →^ ↓Vit B^12 →^ megaloblastic anemia)

Albrightís Syndrome 3.^ Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafÈ au lait spots, short stature, young girls

Alportís Syndrome 4.^ Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness

Alzheimerís 5.^ Progressive dementia

Argyll-Robertson Pupil 6.^ Loss of light reflex constriction^ (contralateral or bilateral)

7. ìProstituteís Eyeî ñ accommodates but does not react
8. Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis
9. Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus

Arnold-Chiari Malformation 10.^ Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele

Barrettís 11.^ Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus^ (↑^ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux

Bartterís Syndrome 12.^ Hyperreninemia

Beckerís Muscular Dystrophy 13.^ Similar to Duchenne, but less severe^ (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein)

Bellís Palsy 14.^ CNVII palsy^ (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)

Bergerís Disease 15.^ IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually following infection

Bernard-Soulier Disease 16.^ Defect in plateletadhesion^ (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)

Berry Aneurysm 17.^ Circle of Willis^ (subarachnoid bleed)^ Anterior Communicating artery

18. Often associated with ADPKD

Bowenís Disease 19.^ Carcinoma in situ on^ shaft^ of penis^ (↑^ risk of visceral ca)^ [compare w/ Queyrat]

Brill-Zinsser Disease 20.^ Recurrences of rickettsia prowazaki up to 50 yrs later

Briquetís Syndrome 21.^ Somatization disorder

22. Psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology

Brocaís Aphasia 23.^ Motor Aphasia (area 44 & 45)^ intact comprehension

Brown-Sequard 24.^ Hemisection of cord^ (contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN / ipsi loss of consc. Proprio)

Brutonís Disease 25.^ X-linked agammaglobinemia (↓^ B cells)

Budd-Chiari 26.^ Post-hepatic venous thrombosis = ab pain; hepatomegaly; ascites; portal HTN; liver failure

Buergerís Disease 27.^ Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of extremities^ →^ painful ischemia^ →^ gangrene

28. Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men who smoke.

Burkittís Lymphoma 29.^ Small noncleaved cell lymphoma^ EBV

30. 8:14 translocation
31. Seen commonly in jaws, abdomen, retroperitoneal soft tissues
32. Starry sky appearance

Caisson Disease 33.^ Nitric gas emboli

Chagasí Disease 34.^ Trypansoma infection - cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, achlasia

Chediak-Higashi Disease 35.^ (AR) Phagocyte Deficiency = defect in microtubule polymerization

36. Neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy & repeated infections w/ strep & staph

Connís Syndrome 37.^ Primary^ Aldosteron ism: HTN; retain Na^ +^ & H^2 O; hypokalemia (causing alkalosis);^ ↓^ renin

Coriís Disease 38.^ Type III Glycogenosis ñ Glycogen storage disease^ (debranching enz: amylo 1,6 glucosidase def.^ ↑^ Glycogen)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob 39.^ Prion infection^ →^ cerebellar & cerebral degeneration

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome 40.^ Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)

41. Glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Can progress to Kernicterus
42. Less severe form will respond to Phenobarbital therapy

Crohnís 43.^ IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, cobblestones, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas

44. (contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, ↑ colon cancer risk)
45. Clinically: ab pain & diarrhea; fever; malabsorption; fistulae b/t intestinal loops & abd structures

Curlingís Ulcer 46.^ Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Cushingís 47.^ Disease:^ Hypercorti cism 2°^ to^ ↑^ ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma)

48. Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1° adrenal or ectopic)
49. • moon face; buffalo hump; purple striae; hirsutism; HTN; hyperglycemia

Lou Gehrigís 102. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis^ degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons

Mallory-Weis Syndrome 103. Bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2°^ to wretching (alcoholics)

Marfanís 104. Connective tissue defect: defective Fibrillin gene^ Dissecting aortic aneurysm, subluxation of lenses

McArdleís Disease 105. Type V Glycogenosis - Glycogen storage disease^ (muscle phosphorylase deficiency =^ ↑^ Glycogen)

Meckelís Diverticulum 106. Rule of 2ís: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in 2% of the population

107. Embryonic duct origin; may have ectopic tissue: gastric/pancreatic remnant of vitteline duct/yolk stalk

Meigís Syndrome 108. Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax ñ associated w/ fibroma of ovaries

Menetrierís Disease 109. Giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)

Monckebergís Arteriosclerosis 110. Calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.)

Munchausen Syndrome 111.^ Factitious disorder^ (consciously creates symptoms, but doesnít know why)

Nelsonís Syndrome 112. 1°^ Adrenal Cushings^ →^ surgical removal of adrenals^ →^ loss of negative feedback to pituitary^ →

Pituitary Adenoma

Niemann-Pick 113. Lysosomal Storage Disease^ (sphingomyelinase deficiency ñ sphingomyelin accumulation)

114. ìFoamy histiocytesî

Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome 115. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Seen in the Mormonís of Utah.

Pagetís Disease 116. Abnormal bone architecture^ (thickened, numerous fractures^ →^ pain)

Pancoast Tumor 117. Bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement^ →^ Hornerís Syndrome

Parkinsonís 118. Dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts

Peutz-Jegherís Syndrome (AD) 119. Melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia + hamartomatous polyps of small intestine

Peyronieís Disease 120. Subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis

Pickís Disease ñ 2 Different

Diseases -

121. 1. Progressive dementia similar to Alzheimerís
122. 1. Constrictive pericarditis ñ sequel to mediastinal tuberculosis
123. Calcium-frosting, unyielding layer ñ heart chambers may be unable to dilate to receive blood during diastole

Plummerís Syndrome 124. Hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs^ (Plummerís = Graveís - eye signs)

Plummer-Vinson 125. Esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, spoon-shaped nails,^ ↑^ SCCA of esophagus

Pompeís Disease 126. Type II Glycogenosis ñ Glycogen storage disease^ →^ cardiomegaly^ (α^ 1,4 Glucosidase deficiency:^ ↑^ Glycogen)

Pottís Disease 127. Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae

Potterís Complex 128. Renal agenesis^ →^ oligohydramnios^ →^ hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities

Raynaudís 129.^ Disease:^ recurrent vasospasm in extremities = seen in young, healthy women

130. Phenomenon: 2 ° to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)

Reiterís Syndrome 131. Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis^ non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular

Reyeís Syndrome 132. Microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy

133. 2° to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness, especially VZV

Riedelís Thyroiditis 134. Idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid

Rotor Syndrome 135. Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)

136. Similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver

Sezary Syndrome 137. Leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)

Shaverís Disease 138. Aluminum inhalation^ →^ lung fibrosis

Sheehanís Syndrome 139. Postpartum pituitary necrosis = hemorrhage & shock usually occurred during delivery

Shy-Drager 140. Parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension

Simmondís Disease 141. Pituitary cachexia ñ can occur from either pituitary tumors or Sheehanís

Sippleís Syndrome 142. MEN type IIa = pheochromocytoma, thyroid medullary CA, hyperparathyroidism

Sjogrenís Syndrome 143. Triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis^ ↑^ risk of B-cell lymphoma

Spitz Nevus 144. Juvenile melanoma (always benign)

Stein-Leventhal 145. Polycystic ovary: see amenorrhea; infertility; obesity; hirsutism =^ ↑↑LH secretion

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 146. Erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration^ (often 2°^ to infection = mycoplasma or sulfa drugs)

Stillís Disease 147. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)

Takayasuís arteritis 148. Aortic arch syndrome

149. Loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses = pulseless disease. Night sweats.
150. Common in young Asian females

Tay-Sachs (AR) 151. Gangliosidosis^ (hexosaminidase A deficiency^ →^ GM2 ganglioside)^ Cherry Red Spots of the Macula

Tetralogy of Fallot 152. 1.VSD, 2.overriding aorta, 3.pulmonary artery stenosis, 4.right ventricular hypertrophy

Touretteís Syndrome 153. Involuntary actions, both motor and vocal^ Txt w/ Pimozide

Turcotís Syndrome 154. Colon adenomatous polyps plus CNS tumors

Turnerís Syndrome 155. 45, XO = most common cause of Primary Amenorrhea. No Barr body on buccal smear.

Vincentís Infection 156. ìTrench mouthî ñ acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis due to^ Fusobacterium

Von Gierkeís Disease 157. Type I Glycogenosis ñ Glycogen storage disease^ (G6Ptase deficiency) ñ Glycogen accumulaiton

Von Hippel-Lindau 158. Hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma) = cerebellum, brain stem, & retina

159. Adenomas of the viscera, especially ↑ Renal Cell Carcinoma
160. Chromosome 3p

Von Recklinghausenís 161. Neurofibromatosis & cafÈ au lait spots & Lisch nodules (Chromosome 17)

Von Recklinghausenís Disease of Bone 162. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (ìbrown tumorî) 2° to hyperparathyroidism = osteoclastic resorption w/

163. fibrous replacement

Von Willebrandís Disease (AD) 164. Defect in platelet adhesion 2°^ to deficiency in vWF.^ ↑aPPT,^ ↑^ Bleed time

Waldenstromís macroglobinemia 165. Proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells in men 50-70 yoa; PAS(+)^ Dutch er bodies

Wallenbergís Syndrome 166. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis^ ìMedullary Syndromeî

167. Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp

Waterhouse-Friderichsen 168. Adrenal insufficiency 2°^ to DIC

169. DIC 2° to meningiococcemia

Weberís Syndrome 170. Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain

171. Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body)

Wegenerís Granulomatosis 172. Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.

Weilís Disease 173. Icteric Leptospirosis^ non-icteric pr^ gresses to renal failure & myocarditis

174. Dark field microscopy for dx

Wermerís Syndrome 175. MEN type I = thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary

Wernickeís Aphasia 176. Sensory Aphasia^ impaired comprehension

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 177. Thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies (mediodorsal nucleua)^ (confusion, ataxia,

ophthalmoplegia)

Whippleís Disease 178. Malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis

Wilsonís Disease 179. Hepatolenticular degeneration^ (copper accumulation [Txt w/ Penicillamine ] & decrease in ceruloplasmin)

180. Mallory Bodies in the Liver & also w/ alcoholic hepatitis & Hyaline change
181. Chromosome 13

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome 182. Immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)

183. ↓ IgM w/ ↑ IgA

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect 184. High iodine level (−)ís thyroid hormone synthesis

Zenkerís Diverticulum 185. Esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES

Zollinger-Ellison 186. Gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas^ (or intestine)^ →^ ↑^ acid^ →^ recurrent ulcers

Rogerís Disease 187. Interventricular septal defect

Barlowís Syndrome 188. Floppy vale syndrome ñ women b/t 20-40 yoa

Bracht-Wachter Lesions 189. Minute abscesses found in subacute bacterial endocarditis

Lutembacherís Syndrome 190. Combination of septum secundum atrial septal defect w/ mitral stenosis

Schmidtís Syndrome 191. Autoimmnue thyroid Disease (Hashimotoís ) & insulin-dependent diabetes

Hallmark Findings

Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation 192. Guillain-Barre^ (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)

Antiplatelet Antibodies 193. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Arachnodactyly 194. Marfanís

Aschoff Bodies 195. Rheumatic fever

Auer Rods 196. Acute promyelocytic leukemia^ (AML type M 3 )

Autosplenectomy 197. Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu^!^ val in^ β^ chain

198. Low O 2 ↑ sickling
199. Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection
200. Salmonella osteomyelitis
201. Vaso-occlusive painful crisises
202. Hydroxyurea as Txt (↑ Hb F^ ) & Bone marrow transplant

Babinski 203. UMN lesion

Basophilic Stippling of RBCs 204. Lead poisoning

Bence Jones Protein 205. Multiple myeloma^ free light chains (either kappa or lambda)

206. Waldenstromís macroglobinemia

Birbeck Granules 207. Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)

Blue Bloater 208. Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic

recurrent productive cough)

Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli 263. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis ñ prototype of nephritic syndrome

Mallory Bodies 264. Alcoholic hepatitis

McBurneyís Sign 265. Appendicitis^ (McBurneyís Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)

Michealis-Gutmann Bodies 266. Malakoplakia^ lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli

Monoclonal Antibody Spike 267. Multiple myeloma^ this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)

268. MGUS

Myxedema 269. Hypothyroidism

Negri Bodies 270. Rabies

Neuritic Plaques 271. Alzheimerís

Neurofibrillary Tangles 272. Alzheimerís

Non-pitting Edema 273. Myxedema

274. Anthrax Toxin

Notching of Ribs 275. Coarctation of Aorta

Nutmeg Liver 276. CHF = causing congested liver

Owls Eye Cells 277. CMV

278. Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma)
279. Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever

Painless Jaundice 280. Pancreatic CA (head)

Pannus 281. Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that^ ↓^ w/ joint use, HLA-DR

Pautrierís Microabscesses 282. Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary

Philadelphia Chromosome 283. CML

Pick Bodies 284. Pickís Disease

2 types of COPD 285. Pink Puffer ñ Type A: Emphysema

286. Blue Bloater ñ Type B: Bronchitis
287. Emphysema Centroacinar ñ smoking Panacinar - α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency

Podagra 288. Gout^ (MP joint of hallux)

Port-Wine Stain 289. Hemangioma

Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign 290. Tearing of the ACL

Psammoma Bodies 291. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid

292. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
293. Meningioma
294. Mesothelioma

Pseudohypertrophy 295. Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf muscles, due to^ ↑^ fat

Punched-Out Bone Lesions 296. Multiple myeloma

Rash on Palms & Soles 297. 2°^ Syphilis

298. RMSF

299. Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease

Red Morning Urine 300. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use^ Hamís test^ to confirm.

Reed-Sternberg Cells 301. Hodgkinís Disease

Reid Index Increased 302. Chronic bronchitis =^ ↑d ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness

Reinke Crystals 303. Leydig cell tumor

Rouleaux Formation 304. Multiple myeloma^ RBCís stacked as poker chips

S3 Heart Sound 305. L→R Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD)

306. Mitral Regurg
307. LV Failure

S4 Heart Sound 308. Pulmonary Stenosis

309. Pulmonary HTN

Schwartzman Reaction 310. Neisseria meningitidis^ impressive rash with bugs

Smith Antigen 311. SLE^ (also anti-dsDNA)

312. Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL)
313. 90% 14-45 yo females
314. also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome

Soap Bubble on X-Ray 315. Giant cell tumor of bone

Spike & Dome Glomeruli 316. Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome

317. Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3)

String Sign on X-ray 318. Crohnís^ bowel wall thickening

Target Cells 319. Thalassemia^ in^ α^ Thalassemia w/ no^ α^ gene: Hydrops Fetalis & Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts

Tendinous Xanthomas 320. Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Thyroidization of Kidney 321. Chronic pyelonephritis

Tophi 322. Gout

Tram-Track Glomeruli 323. Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome ñ^ basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers

Trousseauís Sign 324. Visceral ca, classically pancreatic^ (migratory thrombophlebitis)

325. Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
326. These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name.

Virchowís Node 327. Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach

Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells 328. Measles

WBC Casts 329. Pyelonephritis

Whippleís Triad 330. CNS disfunction ñ Hypoglycemic episodes ñ glu injection reverses CNS Symptís

Wire Loop Glomeruli 331. Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)

↑ AFP in amniotic fluid or motherís

serum

332. Spina Bifida
333. Anencephaly

↑ Uric Acid 334. Gout

335. Lesch Nyhan
336. Myeloproliferative Disorders
337. Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)

↓ FEV 1 /FVC 338. COPD

ìGround Glassî on chest x-ray

(Hyaline)

339. Due to Pneumocystis carinii
340. Seen w/ Atelectasia

Honey Combing of the lung 341. Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease)

Crescents 342. Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)

Linear Ig Deposits 343. Goodpastures syndrome

45 Degree Branch Points 344. Aspergillosis

PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies 345. Waldenstromís Macroglobulinemia =^ ↑IgM = Hyperviscosity

ìGround Glassî in Abdomen (Hyaline) 346. Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies

ìSignet Ringî Cells 347. Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenbergís tumor that has metastasized from the

stomach

Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline) 348. Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes

349. Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant)

Congo Red 350. Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls

Meningiomas & Progesterone 351. Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid growth in pregnancy can occur

Tuberous Sclerosis Triad 352. Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital facial white spots or macules):

angiofibromas

Cowdry A Inclusions 353. Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis ñ^ in oligodendroglia,^ (Type B in infection with poliovirus)

Devicís Syndrome 354. ìNeuromyelitis Opticaî

355. A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia

c-erb B2 356. Breast Cancer association

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome 357. A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema

Hoffmanís Sign 358. Flicking of the middle fingerís nail

Red Nucleus Destruction 359. Intention tremors of the arm

Ventral Spinocerebellar tr. 360. Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities

Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr. 361. Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements

Cuneocerebellar tr. 362. Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of upper extremities

Dorsal Column 363. Conscious proprioception of the body

Lateral Spinothalamic tr. 364. Pain & Temperature sensation

Ventral Spinothalamic tr. 365. Light touch perception

SVA 366. Taste & Smell

GSE 367. Muscles of the eye & of the tongue

SSA 368. Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium

GVA 369. Sensation of tongue; soft palate.^ Carotid Body & Sinus innervation

GVE 370. Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation

371. Gland innervation = secretions

Bug in Epiglottitis 414. Hib

Bug in GI Tract 415. Bacteroides^ (2nd^ ñ E. coli)

Bug in IV drug user

bacteremia / pneumonia

416. Staph aureus

Bug in PID 417. N. Gonnorrhoeae

Bug in Subacute Endocarditis 418. Strep Viridans

CA of urinary collecting

system

419. Transitional cell CA (assoc. w/ benzidine; βnaphthylamine; analine dyes; long term txt w/ cyclophosphamide)

Cardiac 1ry^ Tumor ñ Adults 420. Myxoma: ìBall Valveî

Cardiac 1ry^ Tumor ñ Child 421. Rhabdomyoma ñ associated w/ Tuberous sclerosis

Cardiac Tumor ñ Adults 422. Metasteses

Cardiomyopathy 423. Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy: Alcohol, BeriBeri, Cocaine use, Coxsackie B, Doxorubicin

424. Systolic Dysfunction

Cause of 2ry^ HTN 425. Renal Disease

Cause of Addisonís 426. Autoimmune (2nd^ ñ infection)

Cause of breast lumps 427. CA of the breast

Cause of chronic

endometriosis

428. TB

Cause of Congenital Adrenal

Hyperplasia

429. 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: NaCl lost & Hypotension (then, 11- NaCl retention & HTN)

Cause of Cushings 430. Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1ry^ ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)

Cause of Death in Alzheimer

pts

431. Pneumonia

Cause of Death in Diabetics 432. MI

Cause of Death in premature 433. NRDS = hyaline membrane disease

Cause of Death in SLE pts. 434. Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) = Renal Disease

Cause of Dementia 435. Alzheimerís

Cause of Dementia (2nd^ most

common)

436. Multi-Infarct Dementia

Cause of Dwarfism 437. Achondroplasia

Cause of Food poisoning 438. Staph aureus

Cause of Hematosalpynga 439. Ectopic pregnancy

Cause of Hypoparathyroidism 440. Throidectomy

Cause of Hypothyroidism 441. Corrective surgery I31 treatment

Cause of Kidney infections 442. E. coli

Cause of Liver disease in US 443. Alcohol consumption

Cause of Malignancy in

children

444. Acute leukemia

Cause of Mental retardation 445. Downís

Cause of Mental retardation

(2nd^ most common)

446. Fragile X

Cause of NaCl loss and

Hypotension

447. 21 hydroxylase deficiency

Cause of PID 448. N. ghonorrhea

Cause of Portal cirrhosis 449. Alcohol

Cause of Preventable

Blindness

450. Chlamydia (serotypes A,B,Ba,C)

Cause of Pulmonary HTN 451. COPD

Cause of Secondary

Hypertension

452. Renal disease

Cause of SIADH 453. Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Cause of UT Obstruction in

men

454. BPHyperplasia

Cause Pernicious Anemia 455. Chronic atrophic gastritis = no production of intrinsic factor

Chromosomal Disorder 456. Downís

Common Tumor of the

Appendix

457. Carcinoid tumor: flushing; diarrhea; bronchospasm; RHeart valvular lesions
458. Txt: Methysergide (5HT antagonist)

Congenital Cardiac Anomaly 459. VSD (membranous > muscular)

Congenital Early Cyanosis 460. Tetralogy of Fallot =right to left shunt

Coronary Artery Thrombosis 461. LAD artery: MI

Demyelinating Disease 462. Multiple Sclerosis:^ (Charcot Triad = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)

463. Periventricular plaques w/ ↓ Oligodenrocytes
464. ↑ IgG in CSF, Optic Neuritis, MLF Syndorme = Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, bladder incontinence

Dental Tumor 465. Odontoma

Dietary Deficiency 466. Iron

Disease of the Breast 467. Fibrocystic disease

Disseminated Opportunistic

Infection in AIDS

468. CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)

Esophageal Cancer 469. SCCA

Fallopian Tube Malignancy 470. AdenoCA

Fatal Genetic Defect in

Caucasians

471. Cystic Fibrosis (chromosome 7q)

Female Tumor 472. Leimyoma

Form of Amyloidosis 473. Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)

Form of Tularemia 474. Ulceroglandular

Germ Cell Tumor of Testes 475. Seminoma (analogous to dysgerminoma of ovaries)

Gynecological Malignancy 476. Endometrial Carcinoma

Gynecological Finding 477. Endometrial CA

Heart Murmur 478. Mitral Valve Prolapse

Heart Valve in Bacterial

Endocarditis

479. Mitral

Heart Valve in Bacterial

Endocarditis in IV drug users

480. Tricuspid

Heart Valve involved in

Rheumatic Fever

481. Mitral then Aortic

Hereditary Bleeding Disorder 482. Von Willebrandís Disease

Hormone secreted in

Pituitary Adenoma

483. Prolactin

Inherited disease of the

Kidney

484. Adult polycystic kidney disease: associated w/ polycystic liver, Berry aneurysms, Mitral prolapse
485. APD1 ñ chromosome 16

Intracranial tumor in adults 486. Glioblastoma mulitforme

Islet Tumor 487. Insulinoma =^ β^ cell tumor

Liver 1ry^ Tumor 488. Hepatoma

Liver Disease 489. Alcoholic Liver Disease

Location of Adenocarcinoma

of the Pancreas

490. Head (99%)

Location of Adult Brain

Tumors

491. Above Tentorium

Location of Childhood Brain

Tumors

492. Below Tentorium

Lung Tumor, malignant or

benign

493. Malignant

Lung Tumor, primary or

secondary

494. Secondary

Lysosomal Storage Disease 495. Gaucherís

Malignancy in Women 496. Lung (2nd^ breast)

Malignancy of the Larynx 497. Glottic CA (squamous cell)

Site of Embolic Occlusion 536. Middle cerebral aa: contralateral paralysis; aphasias; motor & sensory loss

Site of Metastasis 537. Regional Lymph Nodes

Site of Metastasis (2nd

most common)

538. Liver

Sites of Atherosclerosis 539. Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Skin CA of Fair Skinned

People

540. Malignant melanoma

Skin Cancer 541. Basal Cell Carcinoma

Small Intestine Congenital

Anomaly

542. Meckelís diverticulum

Stomach Cancer 543. Adeno ñ associated w/ blood group A

Testicular Tumor 544. Seminoma = malignant painless testes growth

Thyroid Anomaly 545. Thryoglossal duct cyst

Thyroid CA 546. Papillary CA

Tracheoesophageal Fistula 547. Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus ñ blind pouch ñ polyhydramnios association

Tumor in men <20 548. Germ cell tumor

Tumor of Infancy 549. Benign vascular tumor = port wine stain = Hemangioma

Tumor of the Stomach >

years of age

550. CA of stomach (adeno CA)

Type of Hodgkinís 551. Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)

Type of Non-Hodgkinís 552. Follicular, small cleaved

Type of Portal Cirrhosis 553. Micronodular

Type of Soft Tissue Tumor

of Childhood

554. Rhabdomyosarcoma

Vasculitis (of medium & small

arteries)

555. Temporal Arteritis (branch of Carotid Artery)

Viral Encephalitis 556. HSV

Worm Infection in US 557. Pinworm (2nd^ ñ Ascaris)

Worst Prognosis in Thyroid

Cas

558. Follicular CA

Cause of Lobar Pneumonia 559. Strep. Pneumoniae

Cause of Death b/t 24-44 yoa 560. AIDS

Cause of Pneumonia in Cystic

Fibrosis

561. Pseudomonas

Cause of Osteomyelitis in IV

Drug Users

562. Pseudomonas

Cause of Infection in Burn

Pts

563. Pseudomonas

Mental Problem in Males 564. Specific phobia

Intelligence Test 565. Stanford Binet (ages 6 & under)

566. WIPSI (ages 4-6)
567. WISK-R (for ages 6-17)
568. WAIS-R (for > 17 yoa)

Paraphilia 569. Pedophilia

Metabolite seen w/

Pheochromocytoma

570. VMA: vanillylmandelic acid (NE metabolite)

Severe Shigella 571. Dysenteriae

Bug in Otitis Media &

Sinusitis in Kids

572. Strep. Pneumoniae

Cause of a Solitary Brain

Abscess

573. A. Israelli

Cause of Bacterial Diarrhea

in U.S.

574. Campylobacter jejuni

Shigella Type 575. S. Sonnei

Cause of Non-Ghonococcal

Urethritis

576. Chlamydia trichomonas

Pneumonia 577. Strep. Pneumoniae

Urethritis 578. N. ghonorrhea

Cause of Glomerulonephritis 579. IgA Nephropathy = Bergerís Disease

Cause of Viral Pneumonia 580. RSV ñ infants

581. Parainfluenza ñ kids
582. Influenza virus ñ adults
583. Adeno virus ñ military recruits

Complication of COPD 584. Pulmonary infections

Cause of Death w/ SLE 585. Renal failure

Atrial Septal Defect 586. Ostium Secundum Type

Warm Antibody 587. Most common form of immune hemolytic anemia

588. IgG auto antibodies to RBC
589. See spherocytosis; (+) Coombsí test; complication to CLL

Immunodeficiency 590. IgA Deficiency

Congenital GIT Anomaly 591. Meckelís Diverticulum: persistence of vitelline duct/yolk sac stalk

Cause of Congenital

Malformation

592. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Pharmacology

Autonomic Nervous System

Epinephrine 1.^ α1,^ α2,^ β1,^ β^2

Norepinephrine 2.^ α1,^ α2,^ β1 (no^ β2 activity)

GABA 3.^ Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization

Muscarinic-r 4.^ Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd^ messengers

5. Parasympathetic control

Bethanechol 6.^ Cholinergic.^ ↑^ GI & Bladder motility.^ Txt atonic bladder post-op

Pilocarpine 7.^ Cholinergic. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary constriction= accomodation.

8. Txt acute glaucoma

Isoflurophate 9.^ Organophosphate. Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r

Pralidoxime 10.^ ì2PAMî. Reverses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase

Neostigmine 11.^ Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r

12. Txt Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia Gravis 13.^ Anitbodies to Ach-r.^ ↑íg muscular weakness due to Achís weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r

Tubocurium 14.^ Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r.

15. Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ
16. ↑ Histamine release= ↓ BP & ↑ bronchospasm

Trimethaphan 17.^ Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS

Pancurium 18.^ More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release

Succinylcholine 19.^ Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton

20. Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis. Continuous infusion.

α1 & Eye 21.^ Mydriasis due to norepinephrine. Prazosin (-).

M-r & Eye 22.^ Miosis due to Ach. Atropine (-).

Sympathetic 23.^ Post ganglionic symapthetic fibers releases norepinephrine

Parasym. 24.^ Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach

M3-r & Eye 25.^ Contracts sphincter = miosis. Contracts ciliary = accomodation.

M2-r & Heart 26.^ Negative chronotropy:^ ↓^ HR = vagal arrest

27. Negative inotropy: ↓ contractility

M3-r & Lung 28.^ Bronchospasm^ ↑secretions

M3-r & GI 29.^ ↑^ motility (cramps & diarrhea). Involuntary defecation

Tacrine 30.^ Acetylcholine esterase (-)r.^ Txt Alzheimerís

Atropine 31.^ DOC w/ vagal arrest

Glycoperrolate 32.^ M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.

Pirenzepine 33.^ M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.

Warfarin 29.^ (-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting factors= anticoagulation state

Heparin 30.^ Dependent on Antithrombin III activation

TPA 31.^ Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot. Short t1/2, given IV.

32. Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots= bleeding & stroke complications arise

Streptokinase 33.^ From bacteria= allergies arise. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.

Urokinase 34.^ Human source.^ ↑^ plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.

Colestipol 35.^ Bile acid sequestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption=^ ↑↑^ LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA.

Lovastatin 36.^ HMGCoA reductase(-)=^ ↑^ LDL-r synthesis. Pravastatin/ Mevastatin same MOA.

Losartan 37.^ ↓^ Aldosterone.^ ↑^ Renin 2-3xís

Diazoxide 38.^ Txt insulinomas. Not balanced vasodilator= onlt dilates arterial smooth muscle

Clonidine 39.^ Central^ α2(+).^ ↓^ TPR via^ ↓^ symapthetic effect

Methyldopa 40.^ Central^ α2(+). (++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia

Phenytoin 41.^ ClassIb. Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity

Procainamide 42.^ ClassIa. SLE like syndrome.

Indopamide 43.^ Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol levels

Thiazides 44.^ Older black men w/ HTN due to^ ↑^ Renin.

β(-) 45.^ Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm)

ACEIs 46.^ (-) change AI^!^ AII. (-) Bradykinin inactivation. Captopril/ Enalapril

47. Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly

Epinephrine 48.^ ↑^ contraction rate & force via^ β1.

49. ↑ systolic but ↓ diastolic BP.
50. ↓ peripheral resistance via β2 vasodilaiton

Norepi. 51.^ ↑^ heart rate and^ ↑^ systolic and diastolic BP

52. ↑ peripheral blood vessel resistance

Methyldopa 53.^ DOC for pregnancy induced HTN

Quinidine pre-txt 54.^ Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will^ ↓^ ventricular response: Dig.;β(-); Ca Ch.(-)

ClassII 55.^ β(-)^ ↓risk fo reinfarction & sudden death following MI

ìGray manî 56.^ Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia

Beperidil 57.^ Ca Ch(-). Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes

ACEIs 58.^ Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles:^ ↓GFR & Filtration pressure

59. ↓ Diabetic renal failure progression

Adenosine 60.^ Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ieÖ Theophyline)

61. Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular Tachycardia

Enoxaparin 62.^ Low molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant

Isoproterenol 63.^ ↑HR &^ ↓MAP

Variant angina 64.^ Use Ca Ch. (-)r ieÖ Nifedipine

Contraindicated in

CHF

65. β (-)r = you donít want to ↓ the heartís pumping strength

CNS

ìTOMî 1.^ Short ñacting BDZs:

2. Triazolam
3. Onazelam
4. Midazolam

Butyrophenone 5.^ Haloperidol & Droperidol

Atypical D4 6.^ Clozapine ñ Thioridazine ñ Olanzepine ñ Risperidone = Do not cause EPS

Flumazenil 7.^ BDZ antidote for OD

Methylphenidate 8.^ Txt attention deficit disorder

Phenytoin 9.^ Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip & palate

Thiopental 10.^ Short acting Barb

Carbamazepine 11.^ DOC trigeminal neuralgia. Txt lennox gestaut seizures in kids

Atypical D4-r 12.^ Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine

Pimozide 13.^ Txt Touretteís

Risperidone 14.^ Good for negative symptoms

Thioridazine 15.^ Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic

Haloperidol 16.^ Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2 block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine

Imirpamine 17.^ Enurisis

Clomirpramine 18.^ Txt OCD^ See aggressive behavior w/ use

Trazadone 19.^ Priapism

Bupropion 20.^ Helps to quit smoking

SSRIs 21.^ Primarily used for OCD

Fluoxetine 22.^ Good for negative symptoms

Phenelzine 23.^ Irreversible MAOI

Lithium 24.^ Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder

25. Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T
26. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
27. Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity

Alprazolam 28.^ DOC stage fright

Propranolol 29.^ Social phobia

κ-r 30.^ Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation. Constipation.

μ-r 31.^ Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression. +sedation.

Morphine & O 2 32.^ Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation=^ ↓^ CO 2 sensitivity and O 2 admin. can stop breathing.

Morphine 33.^ ↑^ ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma

Morphine OD 34.^ 1.pinpoint pupils 2.↓íd respiraiton 3.coma

Meperidine 35.^ Anesthetic used during labor

Hydromorphone 36.^ μ(+) used in renal failure

Tramadol 37.^ Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain

Naloxone 38.^ Txt opioid OD. Reverses respiratory depression

Pentazocine 39.^ Part^ κ(+) & part^ μ(-)

Butorphenol 40.^ Part^ κ(+) & part^ μ(-)

Nalbuphene 41.^ Part^ κ(+) & part^ μ(-)

↓ GABA 42.^ ↓^ seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs

↓ Fast Na Ch. 43.^ ↓^ electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine

Methoxyflurane 44.^ Can be nephrotoxic. Needs low MAC for anesthetic induction.

Enflurane 45.^ Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms

Isoflurane 46.^ Can cause bronchospasm

Halothane 47.^ Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant hyperthermia & Hepatitis

Nitric Oxide 48.^ No effect on HR. Needs high MAC for anesthetic induction.

Thiopental 49.^ Short acting Barb.

Kentamine 50.^ Dissociative anesthetic

Droperidol 51.^ Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect

52. Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block

Fentanyl 53.^ Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for neuroleptoanalgesic effect

54. Used transdermally for chronic pain

Midazolam 55.^ Pre anesthetic. Induces amnesia

Primidone 56.^ Biotransformed to Phenobarb.

C & A delta Fibers 57.^ First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia

Esters 58.^ Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine

59. Broken down and make PABA (allergen)

Amides 60.^ Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= ìiî before ìcaineî always an amide

61. Metabolized in the liver

Amphetamine 62.^ DA reuptake (-)ír. MAOI. Parkinsonís txt

Bromocriptine 63.^ D2(+). Used w/ L-Dopa for ìon-offî phenomenon of Parkinsonís

Benztropine 64.^ Ant M w/ some DA reuptake (-). Parkinsonís txt

Amantidine 65.^ ↓^ DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling.

Diphenhydramine 66.^ Txt early Parkinsonís stages

Pergolide 67.^ > Effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine

Ethosuximide 68.^ DOC for Absence seizures

Tranylcypromine 69.^ MAOI = antidepressant

SSRI & MAOI 70.^ Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI)

Labor opioids 71.^ Meperidine & Nalbuphine

Nifurtimox 58.^ DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi

Erythromycin 59.^ Used in pts allergic to penicillins

Nystatin 60.^ Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis

Acyclovir 61.^ Guanine analog

62. Txt Herpes infections

Imipenem 63.^ Used w/ Cilastatin

64. Can cause seizures

Cefoperazone side effects 65.^ Bleeding due to vit K level alterations

66. Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders

Vancomycin 67.^ Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus)

68. ìRed neckî: due to histamine release causes facial flushing

Meropenem 69.^ used w/ Cilastatin

70. Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem)

Nafcillin 71.^ Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment

Peripheral neuropathy 72.^ Seen w/ use of:

73. Metronidazole ñ Isoniazid ñ Vincristine ñ ddI ñ AZT ñ Allopurinol

Sulfonamides & newborns 74.^ Kernicterus can occur

ìO.N.E.î for gonorrhea 75.^ Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:

76. O = Ofloxacin
77. N = Norfloxacin
78. E = Enoxacin

Ribavirin 79.^ Txt RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

Anti-Neoplastics

Cyclosporine 80.^ Protects against rejections from organ transplants

81. Does not induce bone marrow depression

Cyclophosphamide 82.^ Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of DNA

83. Txt CLL

Cisplatinís toxicities 84.^ Nephro- & Ototoxicity

Methotrexate 85.^ Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase

Leucovorin Rescue 86.^ Can block/reduce Methotrexate =^ ↑^ folic acid via a reduced folate

Bleomycin toxicities 87.^ Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis

Azathiorine 88.^ Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts

89. Allopurinol can ↑ its activity by (-) its biotransformation to xanthine oxidase

MOPP 90.^ Chemotherapy used in the txt of Hodgkinís disease

91. M = Mechlorethamine ñ nitrogen mustard
92. O = Oncovin (Vincristine) ñ prevents microtubule assembly
93. P = Procarbazine
94. P = Prednisone ñ glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis

Tamoxifen 95.^ (-) estrogen receptor

96. Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA

Flutamide 97.^ Antiandrogenic

98. Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog)
99. Txt prostatic CA

Megestrol 100. (-) progesterone receptor

101. Txt endometrial CA

Fluoxymesterone 102. Androgenic steroid

103. Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women

Methotrexate 104. Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by (-) dihydrofolate reductase

105. Txt of ALL
106. Txt of Psoriasis

Brain tumor Txt 107. Lomustine

108. Carmustine ñ Causes pulmonary fibrosis

Streptozocin 109. Attaches to^ β^ cells

110. Txt of pancreatic insulinomas

Cytarabine (AraC) 111.^ Pyrimidine analog

112. DOC for AML

Dactinomycin 113. Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma

Etoposide 114. Used for oat cell CA

Paclitaxel 115. Used for ovarian CA

Amifostine 116. Can^ ↓^ nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin

Pathology

Mobitz I 117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd^ degree block.

118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.

Mobitz II 119. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd^ degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.

P wave 120. Atrial depol.

a wave 121. LA contraction

T wave 122. Vetricular repol.

Wavy fibers 123. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.

Janewayís lesions 124. Acute bacterial endocarditis.

125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.

Oslerís nodes 126. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.

Thiamine defcy 128. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption

129. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
130. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss

Fibrinous Pericarditis 131. Associated w/ MI: Dresslerís

Serous Pericarditis 132. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.

Friction Rub 133. Pericarditis association

Hemorrhagic Pericarditis 134. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 135. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart

136. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
137. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).

PMLís infectious agent 138. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)

Edema 139.^ ↑Pc (more seeps out)

140. ↓πc (less reabsorbed)
141. ↑ permeability
142. Block lymphatic drainage

Adult Polycystic Kidney

Disease

143. Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis

Malignant HTN & Kidneys 145. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men

Nephritic signs 146. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN

Nephrotic signs 147. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema

Podocyte Effacement seen

w/

148. Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease

ASO seen in 149. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to^ βHGASrtep)

150. Anti streptolysin O

Crescentic GN 151. Rapidly progressive GN ñ nephritic syndrome

152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis

Hereditary Nephritis 153. Alportís syndrome. X linked

154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities

Membranoproliferative GN 155. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL

156. See tram tracking

TypeI Membrano

Proliferative GN deposits

157. C3 & IgG deposits

TypeII Membrano

Proliferative GN deposits

158. Only C3 deposits
159. Aka Dense deposit disease

Focal segmental

glomerulosclerosis deposits

160. IgM & C3 deposits

Cold agglutinins 161. Seen in atypical pneumonia

162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs

Scrofula 163. TB in the lymph nodes

Aspirin-Asthma Triad 164. Nasal polyps ñ Rhinitis ñ bronchoconstriction

Ferruginous bodies 165. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-^ ) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised

Pancoastís tumor causes 166. Ulnar nerve pain & Hornerís syndrome