Plant Anatomy: Vascular vs. Non-Vascular Plants, Seeds vs. Spores, Monocots vs. Dicots, Exams of Biology

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• Vascular vs. Nonvascular

• Xylem vs. Phloem

• Seeds vs. Spores

• Root Types

• largest group
• well-developed system for transporting water and food; they have true roots, stems, and leaves.
• help circulate water and food throughout the plant.
• Xylem transport water and minerals from the roots up to the rest of the plant.
• Phloem transport food from the leaves down to the rest of the plant.
• Examples : woody stems- trees & bushes herbaceous stems- grasses

Vascular Plants

• Plants do not have a well-developed system for

transporting water and food; do not have true

roots, stems, or leaves.

• They must obtain nutrients directly from the

environment and distribute it from cell to cell

throughout the plant. This usually results in these

plants being very small in size.

• Examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Non-Vascular Plants

Mosses

Non-Vascular Plants

Hornworts

Non-Vascular Plants

• Seeds contain the plant embryo (the beginnings of roots, stems, and leaves) and stored food ( cotyledons ) and are surrounded by a seed coat. From those seeds, new plants grow.
• There are two major groups of seed- producing plants: cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.

Seed Producing Plants

• Spores are much smaller than seeds.
• Almost all flowerless plants produce spores.
• Examples- mosses and ferns Flowering Plants
• Flowering plants differ from conifers because they grow their seeds inside an ovary, which is embedded in a flower.
• The flower then becomes a fruit containing the seeds.
• Examples include most trees, shrubs, vines, flowers, fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

Spore Producing Plants

ferns

moss

• Most cone-bearing plants are evergreen with needle-like leaves.
• Conifers never have flowers but produce seeds in cones.
• Examples- pine, spruce, juniper, redwood, and cedar trees.

Red wood

Juniper

Spruce

Male cones

Female cones

Cone Bearing Plants

• A seed with one food storage area is called a monocotyledon , or monocot.
• Flowers of monocots have either three petals or multiples of three.
• The leaves of monocots are long and slender with veins that are parallel to each other.
• The vascular tube structures are usually scattered randomly throughout the stem.
• Examples-include grass, corn, rice, lilies, and tulips.

Monocots

MONOCOTS VS. DICOTS

• Stems support the plant and hold the leaves up to the light. Stems also function as food storage sites.
• The xylem in the stems transports water from the roots to the leaves and other plant parts.
• The phloem in the stems transport food made in the leaves to growing parts of the plant.

STEMS