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Definitions and characteristics of the vertebral column, including its terms, functions, and the number and types of vertebrae. It covers the normal curvatures, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebral characteristics, and discusses abnormalities such as kyphosis and lordosis. The document also includes information on the typical structures of the vertebrae and their functions.
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(or protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into or through the anulus fibrosus) is a well-recognized cause of back pain. this material may directly compress nerve roots or the spinal cord itself, resulting in pain &/or neurologic deficits. Most posterolateral these occur between L4/L5 or L5/S1, typically affecting the nerve root immediately inferior to it (i.e., the L4 disc impinges on the L5 nerve root.) IV disc protrusions also frequently occur in the cervical region. There, the IV discs are placed in the anterior border of the IV foramen, so a herniating disc compresses the nerve actually exiting at that level. (Remember, cervical spinal nerves exit superior to the vertebra of the same number.) TERM 62
