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Pain
unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. TERM 2
Assessment of Pain:
DEFINITION 2 difficultResponses include- increase HR, increase RR, mydriasis, salivation, vocalization, changes in facial expression, guarding of the painful site, restlessness, unresponsiveness, failure to groom, abnormal gait, abnormal stance, & rolling. TERM 3
Drugs control for Pain:
DEFINITION 3 NSAIDs- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Narcotics TERM 4
Inflammation
DEFINITION 4 basic process in response to tissue injury caused by physical chemical, or biologic trauma. TERM 5
Physiology Transmission-
DEFINITION 5 movement of nerve impulse up the sensory nerve to the spinal cord: 2 types of fibers. C unmyelinated fibers- dull, poorly localized pain A delta- sharp, localized pain
Physiology Modulation-
changing of the impulses in spinal card ( amplify or suppress) TERM 7
Physiology Hyperalgesia-
DEFINITION 7 injured tissue becomes more sensitive & threshold fro subsequent stimuli decrease. TERM 8
Physiology Central sensitization-
DEFINITION 8 when neurons in spinal cord are repeatedly stimulated, they become more sensitized & discharge at a much lower threshold. TERM 9
NSAIDs
DEFINITION 9 are thought to work by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. TERM 10
Cyclooxygenase 2 types
DEFINITION 10 COX-1 maintains renal blood flow & synthesis of gastric mucosa COX-2- promotes formation of prostaglandin from cell membrane arachidonic acid
NSAID Acetaminophen
Clinical use: limitedAdverse effects: formation of methemogobinemia, cyanosis, anemia, & liver damages (cats single dose can be deadly)Dosage: Tylenol TERM 17
NSAID Propionic Acid Derivatives
Carprofen-
DEFINITION 17 Clinical use: relief of pain associated with DJD & postop pain dogs.Adverse effect: GI ulcerationDosage: Rimadyl TERM 18
NSAID Propionic Acid Derivatives Ketoprofen
DEFINITION 18 Clinical uses: horses- MS pain & inflammation, dogs & cats postop pain.Adverse effects: GI ulceration/ bleeding, renal dysfunction, & generalized bleeding TERM 19
NSAID Propionic Acid Derivatives Naproxen
DEFINITION 19 Clinical use: horse- pain, inflammation & lameness with myositis & other soft tissue & MSAdverse effect: few in horses, GI ulceration dogs TERM 20
NSAID Propionic Acid Derivatives Ibuprofen
DEFINITION 20 do not use in dogs or cats
Ploysulfated Glycosaminoglycan
Adequan semisynthetic mixture of glycosaminoglycans derived from bovine cartilage. Reduces degenerative changes in joints Promotes activity in synovial membrane TERM 22
Opioid Analgesics-
DEFINITION 22 relieve pain by binding with specific receptors sites in brain, spinal cord, & peripheral tissue. TERM 23
Opioid Agonist-
DEFINITION 23 Most effective for relieving moderate to severe pain, and bind with opioid receptor sites & produce opioid effects & respiratory depression, sedation, & addiction TERM 24
Opioid Agonist Dosage
DEFINITION 24 MorphineFentanyle transdermalTramadol TERM 25
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist
DEFINITION 25 bind with kappa receptors byt antagonize mu receptorsClinical use: relief of mild to moderate painAdverse effects: sedation, ataxia, & salivationDosage: Butorphanol
