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Ecological Systems Theory
The theory that children develop within complex relationship,
influenced by the environment.
TERM 2
Continuous Development
DEFINITION 2
View of development as gradually adding more of the same
types of skills that were there to begin with.
TERM 3
Maturation
DEFINITION 3
Genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth.
TERM 4
Child Development
DEFINITION 4
Study of constancy and change from conception to
adolescence.
TERM 5
Freud's Psychosexual Theory
DEFINITION 5
Emphasizes management fo early sexual and aggressive
drives.
Rousseau's Noble Savage
Children have innate morals and plans for orderly, healthy
growth.
TERM 7
Developmental Science
DEFINITION 7
Interdisciplinary study of changes experienced throughout
the lifespan.
TERM 8
Collectivist Societies
DEFINITION 8
People value the group over the individual.
TERM 9
Theory
DEFINITION 9
An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes,
explains, and predicts behavior.
TERM 10
Discontinuous Development
DEFINITION 10
New understandings and responses emerge at specific times.
Public Policy
Laws and government programs aimed at improving current
conditions.
TERM 17
Social Policy
DEFINITION 17
Actions planned to solve a social problem or attain a social
goal.
TERM 18
Ethology
DEFINITION 18
Concerned with the adaptive value of behavior and its
evolutionary history.
TERM 19
Sensitive
Period
DEFINITION 19
Optimal time for certain capacities to emerge.Term meaning
the important periods of childhood development.
TERM 20
Social Learning Theory
DEFINITION 20
Emphasizes the role of modeling in the development of
behavior.Social learning theory is a perspective that states
that people learn within a social context. It is facilitated
through concepts such as modeling and observational
learning.
Ecosystem
In ecological systems theory, social settings that do not
contain children but still affect them
TERM 22
Mesosystem
DEFINITION 22
In ecological systems theory, connections between children's
immediate settings.
TERM 23
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
DEFINITION 23
Interdisciplinary study of the relationship between changes in
the brain and child development.
TERM 24
Chronosystem
DEFINITION 24
In ecological systems theory, temporal changes in children's
environments.
TERM 25
Behavior
Modification
DEFINITION 25
Combines modeling and conditioning to alter behaviors.
Piaget's Cognitive-Development
Theory
Children actively construct knowledge through exploration.
TERM 32
Behaviorism
DEFINITION 32
Emphasizes the study of directly observable events
TERM 33
Microsystem
DEFINITION 33
In ecological systems theory, activities and interactions in
the child's immediate surroundings.
TERM 34
Normative Approach
DEFINITION 34
Age-related averages are computed to represent typical
development.
TERM 35
Dynamic Systems Perspective
DEFINITION 35
The child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form
an integrated system.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Perspective
Children develop in stages, confronting conflicts between
biological drives and social expectations.
TERM 37
Macrosystem
DEFINITION 37
In ecological systems theory, cultural characteristics that
influence inner levels of the environment.
TERM 38
Observer Influence
DEFINITION 38
Participants tend to behave unnaturally in the presence of an
observer.
TERM 39
Internal Validity
DEFINITION 39
Whether conditions of the study permit an accurate test of
the hypothesis.
TERM 40
Ethnography
DEFINITION 40
Participant observation fo a culture.
Cross-sectional Design
Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same
point in time.
TERM 47
Correlational Design
DEFINITION 47
Design in which the researcher gathers information without
altering the participants' experience.
TERM 48
Risk-versus-Benefit Ratio
DEFINITION 48
Costs versus potential value of a research study.
TERM 49
Debriefing
DEFINITION 49
Full account and justification of research activities.
TERM 50
Validity
DEFINITION 50
Whether research methods accurately measure what the
researcher intends to measure.
Natural
Experiment
Researcher studies preexisting treatments in natural
settings.
TERM 52
Psychophysiological Methods
DEFINITION 52
Measure the relationship between physiological processes
and behavior.
TERM 53
Structured Observation Method
DEFINITION 53
Researcher evokes the target behavior in a laboratory
setting.
TERM 54
Protection from Harm
DEFINITION 54
Participants' right to be spared from physical or
psychological harm.
TERM 55
External Validity
DEFINITION 55
Whether findings generalize to settings and participants
outside the study.
Dependent Variable
The variable expected to be influenced by the experimental
manipulations.
TERM 62
Cohort Effects
DEFINITION 62
Effects of cultural-hitorical change on the accuracy of
findings.
TERM 63
Experimental Design
DEFINITION 63
Fandom assignment to multiple treatment conditions;
permits casual inferences.
TERM 64
Biased Sampling
DEFINITION 64
Selecting participants who are not representative of the
population of interest.
TERM 65
Random Assignment
DEFINITION 65
Even-handed procedure for assigning participants to
treatment groups.
Time Sampling
Researcher records whether a behavior occurred during short
time intervals.
TERM 67
Event Sampling
DEFINITION 67
Recording all instances of a behavior during a specified
period of time.
TERM 68
Hypothesis
DEFINITION 68
A prediction about behavior drawn from a theory.
TERM 69
Independent Variable
DEFINITION 69
The variable manipulated by the researcher.
TERM 70
Practice Effects
DEFINITION 70
Repeated testing alters participants' natural responses.
