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VTNE Veterinary Technician National Examination
(Latest Exam 2025) | Featuring Topics such as Pharmacy
and Pharmacology, Surgical Nursing, Dentistry,
Laboratory Procedures, Animal Care and Nursing, and
Diagnostic Imaging
Which of the following methods is the most accurate way to assess blood pressure in the pediatric patient?
- Oscillometric
- Doppler
- Palpation of pulse
- Direct ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Direct Direct blood pressure monitoring is the gold standard for any patient regardless of age. Cannulating an artery and measuring blood pressure is the only method that provides real-time, second-by-second measurements and monitoring. Doppler and oscillometric methods can be used, but the Doppler is more accurate in smaller patients. Palpation of the pulse is not suggested for monitoring blood pressure. Scooter, a 13-year-old miniature schnauzer, has arrested under anesthesia for routine dentistry. You run to the crash cart and grab what you know to be the drug of choice for cardiac arrest, which is:
- Epinephrine
- Lidocaine
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Dobutamine ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Epinephrine Drugs used in cardiac arrest will depend on the cause and any arrhythmias that may be present. Epinephrine will cause arterial vasoconstriction, which will increase blood flow to the heart and kidneys and, of the drugs listed, is the drug of choice. Atropine is used in the presence of ventricular asystole or bradyarrhythmias. The other drugs listed are used postarrest: lidocaine is used to address ventricular arrhythmias, dobutamine will be used to support blood pressure, and sodium bicarbonate will be used to address acidosis that may be present after the patient is resuscitated. What color is icteric plasma?
- Brown
- Red
- Green
- Yellow ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Yellow Plasma that appears deep yellow is described as icteric and can be seen in animals with liver disease or hemolytic anemia. Red is the proper color of blood; green and brown blood are not common findings.
The most common intermediate host of Taenia pisiformis is a:
- Ruminant
- Flea
- Fly
- Rabbit ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Rabbit Taenia pisiformis is commonly found in hunting dogs, because the intermediate host is usually a rabbit. Flies can be the intermediate host for Stephanofilaria stilesi and Habronema muscae. Fleas are intermediate hosts for Dipylidium caninum. Taenia hydatigena and Taenia ovis involve ruminant intermediate hosts. What is meant by the term noxious stimulus?
- A toxic overdose of a drug
- A damaging or potentially damaging tissue stimulus
- An nitrous oxide reaction
- The changing of the nervous system based on the environment ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A damaging or potentially damaging tissue stimulus Pain itself is described in terms of a noxious stimulus, meaning the damaging or potentially tissue-damaging stimulus. Sensory neurons are responsible for the changing of the nervous system based on the environment. A toxic overdose of a drug is termed an overdose toxicity. A nitrous oxide reaction is a false term.
What is the function of a laryngoscope?
- To obtain tissue samples from the trachea
- To facilitate endotracheal intubation by allowing direct visualization of the opening to the trachea
- To cover the esophagus and prevent regurgitation during surgery
- To provide a way for anesthetic gases to be delivered ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------To facilitate endotracheal intubation by allowing direct visualization of the opening to the trachea The function of a laryngoscope is to facilitate endotracheal intubation by allowing direct visualization of the opening to the trachea. Anesthetic gases are delivered via an endotracheal tube. A laryngoscope is not used to obtain tissue samples or to cover the esophagus and prevent regurgitation during surgery. What characteristic is true of ethylene oxide gas?
- It is flammable
- Exposure to it is not considered a health hazard
- It is noncombustible
- It is nontoxic to tissues ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It is flammable Ethylene oxide gas is very flammable and is toxic to tissues. Any exposure to ethylene oxide is considered a health risk.
must also include directions, name and address of the client, name and species of the patient, any cautionary information, and the number of refills When autoclaving, the minimum temperature and exposure times for the center of the surgical packs are:
- 121.5° F for 10 minutes
- 250° F for 15 minutes
- 250° F for 20 minutes
- 300° F for 30 minutes 300° F for 30 minutes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------250° F for 15 minutes The minimum temperature and exposure time to the steam of an autoclave to provide sterility is 250° F or 121° C for 13 minutes, at 15 psi. What is the definition of hematopoiesis?
- The destruction of platelets
- The production of blood cells and platelets
- The creation of fibrinogen
- The decrease of red blood cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The production of blood cells and platelets Hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells and platelets. Fibrinogen is associated with the clotting cascade but not with hematopoiesis.
Antimicrobial drugs that work against bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have the potential for causing birth defects or other problems in the host animal if they also alter mammalian DNA. One group of antimicrobial agents known for this tendency is:
- Antifungals
- Antibacterials
- Antivirals
- Antiprotozoals ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Antifungals Some antifungals work by causing mutations in the DNA. There is also the possibility they can cause mutations in mammalian DNA, causing birth defects. Antibacterial, antivirals, and antiprotozoals may also have effects on the target organism's DNA but will not also alter mammalian DNA. Methocarbamol is labeled as an adjunctive therapy for:
- Seizures
- Skeletal muscle trauma
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Joint pain ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Skeletal muscle trauma Methocarbamol is a muscle relaxant that is often used to treat muscle spasms associated with skeletal muscle trauma (such as a dog with back pain). It is not an anticonvulsant, but it can be used to control muscle tremors associated with toxicities. It will not directly address intracranial pressure or joint pain.
organelles (ribosomes) that are lost as the cell matures. These organelles account for the diffuse blue-gray or polychromatophilic staining of immature cells with Wright stain. An increased membrane surface area relative to the cell volume characterizes a leptocyte. A client would like to know what chew toy would be safest for her dog's teeth. You suggest that she is best to give "Fido" a:
- Dried cow hoof
- Nylon rope toy
- Dense rubber exerciser
- Large knucklebone ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Dense rubber exerciser Dense rubber exercisers are the safest because they flex when the dog bites down. This flexibility will not in most cases allow the tooth to be fractured. Dried cow hooves and knucklebones are hard and could cause slab fractures and periodontal ankyloses (ligament shock-absorbing capacity that is lost because of calcification within the periodontal ligament space). Nylon ropes are abrasive and can cause gingival trauma and wear on the crowns of the teeth. Which tooth has three roots?
- Upper canine
- Lower first premolar
- Lower first molar
- Upper fourth premolar ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Upper fourth premolar
The maxillary or upper fourth premolar has three roots-the mesial buccal root, the palatal root, and the distal root. The canine tooth has one root. The first premolar and the first molar have two roots. Teeth can develop an extra root, which is considered an anatomic abnormality. Extra roots are charted as supernumerary roots. Some anesthesiologists suggest that acepromazine be avoided in:
- Patients with a history of seizures
- Aggressive patients
- All senior dogs
- All Dobermans ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Patients with a history of seizures This use of acepromazine in patients with epilepsy or in patients with an increased risk for convulsions is somewhat controversial. There are limited data suggesting that acepromazine decreases the seizure threshold. Acepromazine can be used in Dobermans, aggressive patients, and in older dogs when appropriate. What is the function of a laryngoscope?
To obtain tissue samples from the trachea
Which of the following ultrasound artifacts will likely be produced when the sound wave strikes a metal object or a pocket of air?
- Edge shadowing
- Comet tail
- Mirror image
- Acoustic enhancement ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Comet tail When a sound wave strikes a metal object or air, a comet-tail artifact will likely be produced. A comet-tail artifact appears as a series of closely interspaced and intense reverberations or reflections that resemble the tail of a comet. Edge shadowing occurs when the sound wave is redirected by an interface and a shadow is cast from the edge of an object. Mirror image artifact occurs when the sound wave strikes a strong reflective surface and is misinterpreted by the ultrasound machine, which writes the same image on the opposite side of the reflector to create a mirror image. Acoustic enhancement occurs when the sound wave accelerates through a fluid-filled medium and the intensity is stronger, which enhances the tissue behind it. When conducting a tooth-by tooth evaluation with dental radiographs, when is the client given the total estimate for care?
- On the telephone when the appointment is made
- In the examination room
- When the animal is picked up after treatment
- After the evaluation is completed while the patient is still anesthetized --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------After the evaluation is completed while the patient is still anesthetized It is critical that the owner is notified of any changes to the treatment plan. The oral exam is performed in two parts. The first part is in the exam room with the patient awake. The initial treatment plan can be presented at this point. The second part of the exam is performed after the patient is anesthetized. Each tooth, the oral cavity, and full-mouth radiographs are performed. After this is accomplished, the owner should be contacted and be told whether the treatment plan will remain the same or will change in any way. This is also a good opportunity to update the owner on the patient's condition under anesthesia and to provide a tentative completion time. Taking a complete and accurate patient history:
- Is an important task that may be performed by veterinary technicians
- Should only be performed by a veterinarian
- Is only necessary if the patient has never been to the hospital
- Is not necessary for wellness exams in healthy patients ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Is an important task that may be performed by veterinary technicians The veterinary technician who is capable of obtaining a complete and accurate history can play a critical role in a busy veterinary practice. Obtaining information from clients is often time consuming, and veterinary technicians who can do this well free veterinarians to complete other work. Using historical information, as well as other parts of the database, the veterinary technician should be able to generate technician evaluations and to formulate appropriate technician
Pneumothorax is when air has been trapped in the chest cavity, between the lungs and the chest wall, and the lungs collapse because of increased pressure within the chest cavity. A chest tube can help evacuate the air and allow the lungs to expand. Pulmonary edema is fluid within the lungs (chest tubes are never placed within lungs). Ascites is fluid within the abdominal cavity. Subcutaneous emphysema is air trapped under the skin, and a chest tube does not treat emphysema. What is considered the most painful portion of a routine spay procedure?
- The initial abdominal incision
- Applying the angiotribe
- The plucking/tearing of the suspensory ligament
- Ligation of the ovarian pedicle ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The plucking/tearing of the suspensory ligament The most painful portion of the spay procedure is the plucking of the suspensory ligament. The patient may experience a temporary increase in heart rate and respiratory rate, which will resolve without intervention. When a bitch is presented to the hospital for an ovariohysterectomy, the technician should do all of the following except:
- Ensure the dog is a female
- Obtain a telephone number where the client can be reached that day
- Ensure that the bitch does not have an abdominal scar
- Give the dog aspirin, because the surgical procedure will be painful --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Give the dog aspirin, because the surgical procedure will be painful Aspirin is not given for preemptive analgesia before a surgery because of its effect on platelet function, which may diminish blood clotting during the procedure. Also, preemptive analgesics are generally given by injection before surgery, and aspirin comes in an oral form only. Technicians should always ensure that the patient is female, and should verify the phone number of the client in case of emergency. In addition, older female patients should be checked for an abdominal scar, which may indicate the pet is already spayed. When performing an electrocardiography (ECG) with a dog in right lateral recumbency, the green electrode is attached to the:
- Right forelimb
- Left forelimb
- Right hind limb
- Left hind limb ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Right hind limb The green electrode is attached to the right hind limb, the white electrode is attached to the right forelimb, the black electrode is attached to the left forelimb, and the red electrode is attached to the left hind limb. Surgical masks:
- Prevent unpleasant odors from reaching the surgeon's nose
- Lose their effectiveness when saturated with moisture
An owner calls the clinic regarding her sick guinea pig. She tells you that her pet has not eaten in 16 hours and has been "picky" with her food during the previous few weeks. She has noticed drooling, overgrooming, and small-sized feces. It sounds as if the veterinarian should examine the guinea pig. Although a diagnosis can't be made on the phone, what is the most likely cause of the animal's signs?
- Cystic ovaries
- Dental disease
- Pasteurella multocida
- Trichobezoar ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Dental disease These are the most common signs of dental disease in a rabbit, chinchilla, and guinea pig. Trichobezoars are hairballs. These are much less common than once believed and when present, they act as a GI foreign body or blockage. Pasteurella multocida is a common bacterium of the upper respiratory tract. This is found most often in rabbits. Cystic ovaries will often cause abdominal pain and anorexia The surface of the tooth that is toward the cheek is known as:
- Occlusal
- Labial
- Buccal
- Mesial ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Buccal The buccal surface is the side of the tooth that comes into contact with the cheek mucosa. The occlusal surface is the flat surface found on the crowns of molars. The flat surface allows food to be ground to a form that can be swallowed. The most rostral surface is known as the labial aspect, or toward the lips. The mesial
surface is the part closest to the midline of the arch. The midline is the interdental space between the right and left maxillary and mandibular first incisors. The ability to distinguish between two objects that are adjacent to each other, yet perpendicular to the sound wave in ultrasound, is described as:
- Axial resolution
- Lateral resolution
- Longitudinal resolution
- Azimuthal resolution ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lateral resolution Lateral resolution is the ability to distinguish between two objects that are adjacent to one another yet perpendicular to the sound wave. Axial, longitudinal, and azimuthal resolutions are all synonymous terms. Axial resolution is the ability to differentiate between two structures along the beam's length and is equal to half of a pulse's length. The term proximal refers to which of the following abbreviations?
- Pa
- Pr
- Pl
- Di ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Pr The term proximal is abbreviated as Pr. The term palmar is abbreviated as Pa. The term plantar is abbreviated as Pl. The term distal is abbreviated as Di.
