Download Western Civilization from 1689 to Present - Midterm Study Guide | HIST 121 and more Exams World History in PDF only on Docsity!
Western Civilization 09/05/
Key Terms Queen Elizabeth – balanced polity
James 1- Divine Right
Charles 1- Personal Rule
Oliver Cromwell- Military Dictatership
Charles 2- Catholic Leanings
James 2- Catholic
William and Mary- Bill of Rights
Siege of Vienna Movie
way more Turkish fighting against Viennese
Fall of Vienna= Ottoman concur all
Turks were known as being experts for digging tunnels with explosives
and mines.
“The Scarlet Apple”
Gate way to central Europe (Vienna)
After first siege, Vienna was rebuilt to a very modern town, with great
protection
Led by Kara Mustafa
Mined was diffused,
Allied forces formed a strong line against front line of Turkish lines
Allies forced the Turkish troops back
Battle was won, and Vienna was free.
Modern coffee culture was created
Modern churches take the mosque like state.
VIENNA SAVED OTTOMAN FLEE
LAST TIME OTTOMAN’S TRY TO TAKE WESTERN EUROPE
Russia
empire under Peter the Great
Ivan Groszney expands Russia empire, assum titiel “ZAR”
ZAR- Ceassar
Peter The Great
poor empire
draft soliders for 25 years
210 000 men
Russias first navy
Re-organize goverment
Woman in Russia often hid, wore vails etc
Makes new rule that mena dn woman can mix freely
Orders first Russian book of educate
Chapter Words
Scientific Revolution
Geocentric vs Heliocentric conception
Claudius Ptolemy
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei and the Starry Messenger
Mathematical Principles o Natural philosophy
Andreas Vesalius
William Harvey
Querelles des Femmes
Margaret Cavendish
Maria Winkelmann
The scientific method
Journal des Savants
Background to the Scientific Revolution
Taught Europeans to view the world in a different way.
Galileo suggested that the sun moved in an axis around the Earth
1-comapre and contrast
2- define geocentric conception
3-connect the dots to destroy the theory of geocentric
Scientific Revolution
Middle age= gods handiwork
Happends over the course of centuries
Essay Outline ( compare and contrast)
Science in the Middle Ages
Based on ancient writers who were considered infallible ( cant be wrong)
Logic and reasoning (Greek influence)
Religion ( had to fit with what you read in the bible)
Ancient writers were inconsistent
Scientific Revolution 14th-17th^ century
Saw inconsistencies in ancient writings
Observation and experimentation (art, human body etc)
Mathematics ( understanding gods world through math)
Religion ( weren’t trying to overturn the church, simply said bible wasn’t
an astronomy text)
Hermetic Magic
Desire to control nature though science and mathematics
Astrology and math
Could be used to explain the world around them
Use knowledge to control nature
Part 1: Sun centered Universe
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
2. Johannes Kepler
3.Galileo Galilei
4. Ssac Newton
Nicolaus Copernicus
argued that; the sun is at the center of the universe ( through math)
The Earth moves around its own axis. ( no longer fixed)
On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
Only 8 crystal- lined spheres
Received with skepticism
Isaac Newton
Using math, Newton explains gravitational pull.
Very religious god was “everywhere present”
Wrote the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
Helps explain how the universe
Quickly accepted in England, but not everywhere else.
Medical Science Galen- four humours (black bile(fall) , yellow bile( summer) , phlegm (spring), blood (winter)) Belief in 2 separate blood systems When the 4 humours get out of balance=ill Purge them, barfing, cut them=lose blood Believe in 2 separate circulatory systems Andreas Vesalius – on the fabric of the human body William Harvey- on the motion of the heart and blood experiments on criminals heart is the beginning and the end of the circulatory system only one circulatory system
Women in the Origins of Modern Science Querelles des femmes
use science to prove the women’s place in the world. Women are shown to be lesser than men. Had to be educated informally No women was asked to join the science of society unitl the 20th^ century Margaret Cavendish argued that humanity has no power over nature, and that man is part of nature. Maria Winkelmann astronomer married Gottfried Kirch discovers a comet called the comet of 1702 husband took credit so that the discovery would be taken seriously. ( admits she found it) her husband considered her as equal, worked as his assistant applied for her husbands job, didn’t get it because she was a women
Scientific Method Bacon rejected many common theories suggest theorist must prove it Descartes Uses math Newton Uses math and experiments to prove/solve mathematical problems
Spread of Knowledge Start to form scientific societies ( England/ France=most important) Gathering of scientists to discuss work and findings Journals Des Savants (1665) designed to appeal to scientist and educated public
Science and Religion Increasing secularism among the scientific community
essay concerning human understanding
How do people learn
Some babies were born inheritly evil or good
Farmers babies were less smart then noble babies
Tested the theory out based on reason, observation and 5 sense
Finds out all babies are equal
Way children learn is through their 5 senses
All babies are born with a blank slate
Through their 5 senses, things are written on their blank slate
Different kind of smarts ( farmers know how to make a wheel, nobles
know how to read)
What makes the difference are their experiences that are learned through
5 senses
Constitutional monarchy
Humans are driven by pleasure ( stolen from locke)
Humans have the rights to life, liberty, property
King has the duty to protect everyone’s 3 rights
If there is a bad king ( ignores the 3 rights) they community has the
rights/duty to over throw the king
Which government to have
Constitutional monarchy- (locke) ( put together by a group of people,
everyone Is equal) (1688 in monarchy)
Absolutism monarchy- (hobbes)
Thomas Hobbes
Tutor to the royal family
People lived in a state of nature (horrible place to live)
Human beings are inheritly selfish
Wants absolute monarchy
Using his reason and examples to argue
Started around 1660’s -1680’s around the time of Newton
Absolutism
reinforced by the church
nobles reinforce the kings laws
In France, it was divided into states (class of people) who had a certain sets of rights (sertorials laws- only certain classes could dress a certain way) tithe( certain taxes that goes to church) 1.church (set of laws that only apply to them) (are tax exempt)
- nobles (set of laws that only apply to them) (are tax exempt) 3.rest of community ( includes landless farmers, own their own land, merchants (peddlers), educated members) (taxed heavily)
Injustice wasn’t seen until age of enlightenment
-The goal: challenge old ideas and come up with new solutions ex: Noah’s Ark ( proves that it could not be true) The spread of enlightenment ideas and smuggling books ( sells illegally) All estates Participated- Voltaires tale of the encyclopedia’s frame.
Emilie du Chatelet France, 1709- The institutions of physics, popularizes Newton’s work “making a man of herself” (dresses up as a man to participate in an of enlightenment) illustrates the role of women in the enlightenment has tutors form the university ( illegal to go to school)
Women, Salons, and Salonnieres headed by a women to discus the leading topics Julie de lespianasse: French, 1733- -Rules as president in the salon ( members of all 3 estates meet as equals -Women decide the topics, moderate the discussion, but men really participate -provides a way for ement thinkers to network -Is found out about her mothers affair -Works as a maid in her own house -moves to paris to open up a salon with another well known women
Encyclopedia, du chatelet and the salons create the Republic of letters. An imagined republic of equals with all estates mingling as equals
Reform from above – king decides new rules Reform from below- community decides new rules
Enlightened Absolutism: Reform from above Absolute monarchs use enlightenment ideas to increase their power over the clergy and nobles and win support of subjects Increase power Ex: Joseph 2nd^ of Austrian empire (Hapsburg empire) -Ruled on his own 1780- -A social contract (no voting) -seized land from church and disloyal nobles; sold to 3rd^ estate -taxed clergy and nobles (was taxes exempt) -taxes limited for all 12% of “income” ( more money for common person= more money for community) -rents capped at 18% for all (taxes money away from church and nobles) -New criminal code for all -Rule of law (laws apply for everyone) -religious tolerance ( all religion = equal) -reduced censorship created state-schools for all absolutist and enlightened Most do not survive the death of Joseph 2nd Enlighten religious – one’s personal belief should be okay, and should not be determined by the church ( religion determined everything, others were killed due to their beliefs) Absolutist – church was ferious Taxes- all people are equal ( enlighten)
All events took place in france, mostly in Versailles Extenended experiment in government Louis the 16th^ as absolute monarch Estates general (1789) National assembly (1791) Legislative assenmblt ( 1792) National concention ( totalitarian democracy terror) The directory ( parliamentary democracy) Napoleons empire ( military democracy)
Why? The enlightenment and culture of critique (question the king) The notion humans not god create gov’t Poor harvests and restless, overtaxed ( 3rd^ estate) Disgruntled upper 3rd^ estate France was bankrupt! King was unable to handle crisis
Louis 16th Ruled France 1774-
Beheaded in 1793 Began as an absolute monarch Became a constitutional monarch in 1789 Agrees with the last person he spoke to Seen as corrupted by wife
Maria Antoinette Queen of France 91774-1792) Beheaded in 1793 Viewed as a foreigner and widely disliked Nobles hated her, didn’t hand out powers and favours Dress up like a shepherdess at her hamlet retreat Involved in the affair of the diamond necklace Known as Madame deficit Blamed for all financial problems of France
1780s Louis 16th^ advisors see financial crisis France is billions in debt and could default on its loans Adviors recommends taxing first and second estates Even absolute monarch of France cannot do without calling parliament ( estates general)
