Era or Known As Dates Significance of events, persons, places

Minoans 2000-1450 BCE

2000-1100 BCE

1100 - 750 BCE

Archaic Age 750 - 479 BCE

Greeks

Western Civilizations (Ch 2)

Mycenaeans, Minoans, Greeks, Archaic Age, Persian Empire, Classical Age, Golden Age of Athens

Country or Region

People / Civilizations

Type of Government

Political System

Rulers

Important Events, Notable Persons

War/Battles, Trade, Art / Literature

Monuments, Inventions

Minoans - islanders living

on large island of Crete in

the Mediterranean Sea

King Minos - early ruler of Crete giving

the people their name "Minoans"

•Minoans traded with peoples of the Fertile

Crescent

•Had best made ships in the region

•Minoan palaces had vast storerooms and were

called labyrinths

•Artwork shows Egyptian influence of colors and

styles

•Minoans learned their pictorial script from

Sumerians and called "Linear A" which has never

been translated

Minoan society wiped out - was often invaded

and palaces burned and cities destroyed

Historians theorize that natural disaster

contributed to destruction of their society -

1450 BCE volcanic activity nearby may have

caused a tidal wave destroying Crete

Mycenaean Civilization -

the first Greeks

Indo-European Greek

speaking people settled

on the mountainous

Greek peninsula -

influenced heavily by

Minoans

1250 BCE Trojan War

Highly developed, wealthy, hierarchic

society centered in city of Mycenae.

Included kings, nobles, and slaves

•Commerce came mainly from the Aegean Sea

•Art and Language were both strongly influenced

by Minoans; developed script called "Linear B"

which has been translated

•Mycenaean cities thick walled for protection from

invaders

•Mycenaean pottery replaced pottery from Crete

in trade to Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Cyprus

•Greeks besieged Troy for 10 yrs destroying it

Mycenaean civilization dissolved sometime

after 1200 BCE possibly because of the

Trojan War, failure of crops, northern

invaders. Peoples moved southward into the

Peloponnese, but rather abruptly society

came to a complete end and all except

Athens were destroyed.

Dark Ages

called as such because

no writings from this time

period remain

Greeks - traded with

Phoenicians,

Babylonians, Persians

Cities with governments of their own

spawned from mother cities

•Homer (750 BCE) wrote Iliad- story of Greek

hero Achilles triumph in war over Trojans and

Odyssey - story of Odysseus' ten-year travels to

return home from Troy

•Iron replaced bronze as the primary metal for

weapons and tools

•End of Dark Ages trade of wine, olive oil, and

other goods began to flourish again

Homers tales told of cremation of the dead - a

new practice that came about after the fall of

the early Greeks.

New colonies on islands in Aegean Sea

prompted use of silver coins, weights and

measures for trading

New prosperity based on commercial

expansion creating an urban middle

class of merchants and artisans.

Aristocracy forced to depend on civilian

armies - weakened aristocracy rule

Civil War 650-550 BCE - lower classes

rose to overthrow the aristocracy -

Leaders were rulers by physical force

called Tyrants but had kingship status

Tyrants replaced by various forms of

participatory governments in a polis

(independent Greek city-state) and

politics was born. Each polis had a

separate citizen run government or

oligarchy (ruled by a few). Athens

developed first democracy.

•"Arête" - strive for courage and excellence fueled

games and competitive spirit in ancient Greece

•Greeks had a disregard for other cultures other

than their own

•Art praised human form, male nudes considered

ideal of human perfection

•Oracles - people who interpreted divine will

sometimes through trances

•Philosophy developed

•Thales, philosopher, astronomer, and

mathematician from Miletus used knowledge to

predict a solar eclipse and formed rational

approach to the natural world other than whims of

gods

•Pythagoras master of mathematics stated that

the earth was spherical and rotated on its axis

•Acropolis - fortified high ground in a city

•Agora - central place of assembly and market

•Bisexual relations of older man/young apprentice

common as mentoring arrangement

•Sappho from Lesbos loved women, term lesbian

comes from her influence

Greek gods and goddesses ruled by Zeus

and wife, Hera. Aphrodite, goddess of love;

Athena, goddess of wisdom and war;

Poseidon, god of the sea; Apollo, god of

music, divination and healing; and Demeter,

goddess of fertility.

Gymnasium developed because Greek

believed in beauty of the body and prowess

as part of the pursuit of excellence - work,

exercise, and talk were a part of the

masculine life - most women confined to

homes indoors

Slaves common, but in 6th century debt

slaves banned

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Download Western Civilization I - Study Guide for Minoan Mycenaean Civilizations Dark Age and Archaic Age | HIST 1010 and more Study notes Cultural History of Europe in PDF only on Docsity!

Era or Known As Dates Significance of events, persons, places Minoans 2000-1450 BCE 2000-1100 BCE 1100 - 750 BCE Archaic Age 750 - 479 BCE Greeks

Western Civilizations (Ch 2)

Mycenaeans, Minoans, Greeks, Archaic Age, Persian Empire, Classical Age, Golden Age of Athens

Country or Region People / Civilizations Type of Government Political System Rulers Important Events, Notable Persons War/Battles, Trade, Art / Literature Monuments, Inventions Minoans - islanders living on large island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea King Minos - early ruler of Crete giving the people their name "Minoans"

Minoans traded with peoples of the Fertile Crescent
Had best made ships in the region
Minoan palaces had vast storerooms and were called labyrinths
Artwork shows Egyptian influence of colors and styles
Minoans learned their pictorial script from Sumerians and called "Linear A" which has never been translated Minoan society wiped out - was often invaded and palaces burned and cities destroyed Historians theorize that natural disaster contributed to destruction of their society - 1450 BCE volcanic activity nearby may have caused a tidal wave destroying Crete Mycenaean Civilization - the first Greeks Indo-European Greek speaking people settled on the mountainous Greek peninsula - influenced heavily by Minoans 1250 BCE Trojan War Highly developed, wealthy, hierarchic society centered in city of Mycenae. Included kings, nobles, and slaves
Commerce came mainly from the Aegean Sea
Art and Language were both strongly influenced by Minoans; developed script called "Linear B" which has been translated
Mycenaean cities thick walled for protection from invaders
Mycenaean pottery replaced pottery from Crete in trade to Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Cyprus
Greeks besieged Troy for 10 yrs destroying it Mycenaean civilization dissolved sometime after 1200 BCE possibly because of the Trojan War, failure of crops, northern invaders. Peoples moved southward into the Peloponnese, but rather abruptly society came to a complete end and all except Athens were destroyed. Dark Ages called as such because no writings from this time period remain Greeks - traded with Phoenicians, Babylonians, Persians Cities with governments of their own spawned from mother cities
Homer (750 BCE) wrote Iliad- story of Greek hero Achilles triumph in war over Trojans and Odyssey - story of Odysseus' ten-year travels to return home from Troy
Iron replaced bronze as the primary metal for weapons and tools
End of Dark Ages trade of wine, olive oil, and other goods began to flourish again Homers tales told of cremation of the dead - a new practice that came about after the fall of the early Greeks. New colonies on islands in Aegean Sea prompted use of silver coins, weights and measures for trading New prosperity based on commercial expansion creating an urban middle class of merchants and artisans. Aristocracy forced to depend on civilian armies - weakened aristocracy rule Civil War 650-550 BCE - lower classes rose to overthrow the aristocracy - Leaders were rulers by physical force called Tyrants but had kingship status Tyrants replaced by various forms of participatory governments in a polis (independent Greek city-state) and politics was born. Each polis had a separate citizen run government or oligarchy (ruled by a few). Athens developed first democracy.
"Arête" - strive for courage and excellence fueled games and competitive spirit in ancient Greece
Greeks had a disregard for other cultures other than their own
Art praised human form, male nudes considered ideal of human perfection
Oracles - people who interpreted divine will sometimes through trances
Philosophy developed
Thales, philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician from Miletus used knowledge to predict a solar eclipse and formed rational approach to the natural world other than whims of gods
Pythagoras master of mathematics stated that the earth was spherical and rotated on its axis
Acropolis - fortified high ground in a city
Agora - central place of assembly and market
Bisexual relations of older man/young apprentice common as mentoring arrangement
Sappho from Lesbos loved women, term lesbian comes from her influence Greek gods and goddesses ruled by Zeus and wife, Hera. Aphrodite, goddess of love; Athena, goddess of wisdom and war; Poseidon, god of the sea; Apollo, god of music, divination and healing; and Demeter, goddess of fertility. Gymnasium developed because Greek believed in beauty of the body and prowess as part of the pursuit of excellence - work, exercise, and talk were a part of the masculine life - most women confined to homes indoors Slaves common, but in 6th century debt slaves banned

Era or Known As Dates Country or Region Significance of events, persons, places People / Civilizations Type of Government Political System Rulers Important Events, Notable Persons War/Battles, Trade, Art / Literature Monuments, Inventions ATHENS: CITY OF Athenians were creative, artistic, and eloquent DEMOCRACY By 700 BCE Athens Aristocrats developed democratic form of government - three (later nine) administrators called archons were elected from male citizens Solon, sole archon 594 BCE, passed reform laws but they were based on wealthy and were short lived Tyrants failed about 527 BCE, Hippias was the last, full democracy instilled Cleisthenes reformed direct democracy into ten tribal units who had representatives in the Council of 500 Pericles, great leader of Athens, gave famous funeral oration preserved by Thucydides Athenians negotiated partnerships with neighboring peoples in their vicinities for trade and economic benefits A true democracy was beginning to emerge in the governmental hands of the people SPARTA: MODEL MILITARY STATE Authority kept by elders in oligarchy, who had age and experience Spartan constitution introduced by Lycurgus in 600 BCE

Spartans were militant, strict, and sparing of words
At birth each child was examined by elders and if physically deficient, the child was left outdoors to die.
At age 7 yrs, boys were handed over to the state for military training, at 20 they joined the army, at 30 they returned home but still had meals in military dining hall
Women handled economic and household duties and were sometimes athletic, trained, and attended to cheer contests Spartans took in neighboring lands by conquest and enslaved their people as slaves

Era or Known As Dates Country or Region Significance of events, persons, places People / Civilizations Type of Government Political System Rulers Important Events, Notable Persons War/Battles, Trade, Art / Literature Monuments, Inventions 431 - 404 BCE Peloponnesian War Athens vs the Peloponnesian League (Sparta and allies) To challenge the Athenian Empire, Sparta gathered the Peloponnesian League Democratic government in Athens

As a condition of Athens' surrender, the Athens fleet was reduced to 12 ships, and a united Greece was impossible.
Fighting between poleis (Greek cities) was sustained by Persia to keep cities from banding together or forming alliances of power
Cities continued to war at least every 10 years and democracy weakened further. The former glory of the Athenian Empire was lost.
- Conflict between two poleis began the war which was actually a war based the desire to preserve the independence of each city-state and the unique brand of competitiveness among the poleis (cities) - Athens had grown too strong.
- Athens had strong naval system, Spartans had strong infantry. The infantry burned the crops of Athens and forced them inside their city walls with many foreigners. A Plague broke out (430- BCE) and 1/4 of population died. Leadership fell to unqualified men.
- Athens tried to force Melos (an island) to be an ally, they resisted and Athenian military killed every man on the island, taking the women and children as slaves.
- Athens tried to control the sea trade between Greece and Italy on the Ionian Sea (based on greed by Alcibiades - a new leader in Athens), but ended up loosing many ships. They couldn't recover enough to fight the Spartans in the continuing war and in 404 BCE Athens surrendered.
- Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) considered "Father of Western Medicine" was a physician that rejected held theories that spirits caused human ailments. Wrote medical journals (Hippocratic Collection) based on his theories of every disease has a natural cause. During the devastating war, humbled Athenians asked philosophical questions of moral relevatism - whatever was good for other peoples was right for them. These "Sophists" advocated that men should act based on their own needs and desires - exactly what Alcibiades did that caused destruction. Socrates (470-399 BCE) was first great philosopher of the West. Charged with impiety and corruption of the young, he was given the death sentence to drink hemlock poison. He left no philosophical writings. Plato was his student and recorded Socrates' wisdom along with his own. Aristotle (died in 322 BCE) was Plato's student. Divided studies into categories: ethics/social studies, natural history, and metaphysics or universal laws. Created theory of "golden mean" preferring the midground to any extremes in any situation.

hens

Contribution to modern world or future era Myths of minotaur - a half bull/half human creature worshipped as a god Story of Thesus who killed the minotaur Linear B script tablets contained history of the Mycenaeans Greeks adopted Phoenician alphabet. Writing emerged around 800 BCE. Poetry emerged Development of philosophy, higher functional astronomy, and mathematics changed the direction of thinking in the world from myth to calculated scientific views in Greek intellect Democratic government originated in Athens

Contribution to modern world or future era Recorded history of battle, wars, and facts. Orators, arts, maritime defenses, politics including the lower classes

Contribution to modern world or future era Fall of Athenian Empire Great philosophers Greek Theatre - Euripides (485-406 BCE) wrote moral plays based on Athens' former mistakes with Melos and Troy Athenian playwright, Aristophanes (455- BCE) wrote political satire.

Western Civilization I - Study Guide for Minoan Mycenaean Civilizations Dark Age and Archaic Age | HIST 1010, Study notes of Cultural History of Europe

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Partial preview of the text

Download Western Civilization I - Study Guide for Minoan Mycenaean Civilizations Dark Age and Archaic Age | HIST 1010 and more Study notes Cultural History of Europe in PDF only on Docsity!

Western Civilizations (Ch 2)

Mycenaeans, Minoans, Greeks, Archaic Age, Persian Empire, Classical Age, Golden Age of Athens

hens