Dates Significance of events, persons, places

Persian Empire 550-336

King Philip II - led Macedonian army into battle

Western Civilizations (Ch 3) The Hellenistic World (336-150 BCE)

Alexander's Conquests, Successor Kingdoms, Economy, Culture, Philosophy, Science, and Religion

Era or

Known As

Country or Region

People / Civilizations

Type of Government

Political System

Rulers

Important Events, Notable Persons

War/Battles, Trade, Art/Literature/Monuments, Inventions

Contribution to

modern world or

future era

Decline of the

Poleis city-state

system of

autonomous

government

400-323 BCE

Reign of Philip II

337-323 BCE

Macedonia - province

on NE border of Greece

Macedonia had 2 parts:

the coastal plain (south

and east) and the

mountain interior

Early Macedonia had not developed poleis structures (large

cities), but had retained tribal structure with a king who led the

army - they were bound by loyalty and kinship. Poleis Greeks

had no respect for Macedonian culture

•Geography of Macedonia had advantages of a coast with

bays on the Aegean Sea, and mountains with fertile land, lush

pastures, rich in timber, metals, gold, and silver

•Macedonian King Philip II (359-336 BCE) as a younger man

had been in wars and captured, held hostage by Greeks in

Thebes for 3 yrs. After release he became king and educated

his people and his son about his captors.

•Philip II made changes to the army weapony and stragety -

using longer weapons, lighter "foot soldiers", and mobile

mercinaries using arrows, javelins and slings to attack the

flank of the enemy. New innovations were virtually invincible.

With his forces in place and having reaped the riches in his

own holdings, Philip was ready to expand the kingdom.

•Isocrates (436-338 BCE) supported Philip and tried to

pursuade Athens and Greece to come under Philips

expansions. Demosthenes (384-322 BCE) rejected Isocrates'

view by campaigning to have Athens remain free and self-

governed.

Political events:

359-336 BCE

Philip II rules Macedonia

338 BCE

Philip conquers Greece

337-323 BCE

Alexander Rules

333 BCE

Battle of Issus

332 BCE

Alexander conquers

Egypt

331 BCE

Battle of Gaugamela

330 BCE

Alexander destroys

Persepolis

323 BCE

Successor Kingdoms

established

166-164 BCE

Maccabean Revolt

Philip Conquers

Greece in 338

BCE

Philip marches south

into the penninsula of

Greece meeting Athens

and Thebes (who had

joined for the effort)

•Battle of Chaeronea near Thebes Philip's army led by Philip's

son Alexander slaughtered the surrounded Greeks. This

victory paved the way for Philip to take control of Greek city-

states except Sparta.

•Philip was stabbed and murdered at the festivities of his son's

wedding by a jilted companion making Alexander the new

King.

•Alexander sought out and destroyed anyone having any

remote claim to the Macedonian throne.

•Philip united all the Greek poleis (cities) into his command as

allies with Macedonia under his command. Since they couldn't

wage war against each other any longer, all the poleis joined

together to follow Philip into attack the Persian Empire (that

extended far beyond Persia into Asia).

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Dates Significance of events, persons, places Persian Empire 550- King Philip II - led Macedonian army into battle

Western Civilizations (Ch 3) The Hellenistic World (336-150 BCE)

Alexander's Conquests, Successor Kingdoms, Economy, Culture, Philosophy, Science, and Religion

Era or Known As Country or Region People / Civilizations Type of Government Political System Rulers Important Events, Notable Persons War/Battles, Trade, Art/Literature/Monuments, Inventions Contribution to modern world or future era Decline of the Poleis city-state system of autonomous government 400-323 BCE Reign of Philip II 337-323 BCE Macedonia - province on NE border of Greece Macedonia had 2 parts: the coastal plain (south and east) and the mountain interior Early Macedonia had not developed poleis structures (large cities), but had retained tribal structure with a king who led the army - they were bound by loyalty and kinship. Poleis Greeks had no respect for Macedonian culture

Geography of Macedonia had advantages of a coast with bays on the Aegean Sea, and mountains with fertile land, lush pastures, rich in timber, metals, gold, and silver
Macedonian King Philip II (359-336 BCE) as a younger man had been in wars and captured, held hostage by Greeks in Thebes for 3 yrs. After release he became king and educated his people and his son about his captors.
- Philip II made changes to the army weapony and stragety - using longer weapons, lighter "foot soldiers", and mobile mercinaries using arrows, javelins and slings to attack the flank of the enemy. New innovations were virtually invincible. With his forces in place and having reaped the riches in his own holdings, Philip was ready to expand the kingdom.
- Isocrates (436-338 BCE) supported Philip and tried to pursuade Athens and Greece to come under Philips expansions. Demosthenes (384-322 BCE) rejected Isocrates' view by campaigning to have Athens remain free and self- governed. Political events: 359-336 BCE Philip II rules Macedonia 338 BCE Philip conquers Greece 337-323 BCE Alexander Rules 333 BCE Battle of Issus 332 BCE Alexander conquers Egypt 331 BCE Battle of Gaugamela 330 BCE Alexander destroys Persepolis 323 BCE Successor Kingdoms established 166-164 BCE Maccabean Revolt Philip Conquers Greece in 338 BCE Philip marches south into the penninsula of Greece meeting Athens and Thebes (who had joined for the effort)
Battle of Chaeronea near Thebes Philip's army led by Philip's son Alexander slaughtered the surrounded Greeks. This victory paved the way for Philip to take control of Greek city- states except Sparta.
Philip was stabbed and murdered at the festivities of his son's wedding by a jilted companion making Alexander the new King.
Alexander sought out and destroyed anyone having any remote claim to the Macedonian throne.
Philip united all the Greek poleis (cities) into his command as allies with Macedonia under his command. Since they couldn't wage war against each other any longer, all the poleis joined together to follow Philip into attack the Persian Empire (that extended far beyond Persia into Asia).

Macedonia Egyptian Region Alexander the Great's conquests 337-323 BCE King Alexander - consolidated his rule of the region and implemented his father's planned war against the Persian Empire

Thebes revolted after they heard a rumor that Alexander had died. He marched there and ruthlessly sacked the city, enslaving or slaughtering the inhabitants.
In 334 BCE Callisthenes, Aristotle's nephew, who later wrote an account of Alexander's conquests, went with him on the advance to secure the western areas along the Mediterranean before heading to Asia Minor.
After a few victories, Alexander met the full force of the Persians at the Battle of Issus led by Persian King Darius III but defeated the twice as large Persian army with skilled and swift action.
In 332 BCE Alexander captured coastal cities of Sidon, Tyre, Gaza, then onto Egypt.
In 331 BCE, outnumbered Alexander again defeated Darius at Gaugamela on superior leadership and strategy, Babylon welcomed him.
In 330 BCE, Alexander captured Persepolis after its resistence, plundered it, and burnt it to the ground. Persian king Darius was killed by one of his own men, and all hailed Alexander as the "Great King" of the Persian Empire.
Venturing into northern India, he battled their king and took more land as conquest. He wanted to continue to take more land, but his troops refused. Finally, Alexander went home to Macedonia where he fell weary due to alcohol abuse. He caught fever and died in 323 BCE at the age of only 32 years.
- Alexander was taught by Aristotle instilling in him a love of Greek art, culture, and literature
- In his conquered territories, Alexander made new cities and colonized with settlers from Macedonia putting them into privilidged positions. These cities rank among Alexander's most enduring legacies.
- Alexander strongly supported interracial marriage and cultural blending - he married an Asian and encouraged his generals to marry high-born Persian women.
- Founded city of Alexandria
- After Alexander's death, Macedonian generals divided up his large kingdom into smaller kingdoms after much brutal politics
  - Advanced warfare strategies, catapults to destroy protective city walls and siege towers for entry
  - Alexander battled with his army, kind to peoples he conquered and many cities surrendered rather than battle him. Hellenistic Kingdoms 337-30BCE MAP BELOW SHOWS KINGDOMS AND THEIR AREAS ALONG WITH ALEXANDER'S ROUTE Ptolemaic Egypt 305-030 BCE
Ptolemy, one of Alexander's cavalry companions, and his loyal troops took Egypt to rule.
Egyptian life mixed with the Greek rule changed life for the Egyptians very little making it easy for Greek rule. Egyptian priests honored the Ptolemies while still governing in their old ways.
Ptolemaic rulers engaged in brother/sister marriages and the queens had considerable wealth and power, engaging in spending on public works and armies.
Cleopatra VII challenged the growing power of Rome
Alexandria became the premier port city of the Hellenistic world sitting at the mouth of the Nile on the Mediterranean. The lighthouse at Pharos island became one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Alexandria became an intellectual and cultural center, established a museum, and a great library - the largest the ancient world had ever seen
Ptolemy V (r.ca.205 - ca.183 BCE) **Note r. in dates means "the reign of" and ca. means "approximately"
Ptolemy V was not even a teenager when successors in Asia began to threaten Egypt's borders. He cut a deal with the priests who got higher pay for rallying the people to his cause.
The priests ordered that Ptolemy V be worshiped in every Egyptian shrine and composed a tablet stating the decree in hieroglyphs, Egyptian script, and Greek.
The slab of three scripts, called the Rosetta Stone, provided the key to deciphering hieroglyphic writing and thus the meanings behind some ancient Egyptian carvings. Seleucid Kingdom 305 - 64 BCE Seleucid Kingdom, began at Ephesus, to Babylon and all the way to N. India
Seleucus, one of Ptolemy's lieutenants, entered Babylon in 311 BCE and captured the treasury there. With its money, he claimed the old heartland of the Persian Empire, but eastern Asia Minor escaped his grasp and NW India was given back to its native rulers.
Seleucia, 50 miles from Babylon, was new capital of the Seleucid kingdom, and Dura Europas was midpoint of the Euphrates River. Both controlled trade routes.
Seleucids settled colonists from Macedonian lands into Syria and Asia Minor and gave them farmlands to be cultivated by the dependent laborer locals. This insured a following of loyal supporters for the kings.
N. Indian King Aśoka (268-233 BCE) spread Buddhism in his land, but because of the Hellenic influence his tablets were written in Indian Prakrit and in Greek, so they were interpreted. Antigonid Kingdom (Dynasty) Macedonia, Greece kingdoms structure
Kings ruling the Macedonian and Greece areas descended from Antigonus the One-Eyed (382-301 BCE) one of Alexander's generals who scraped for power after Alexander's death. Antigonus died in battle still trying to win sole control of the Macedonian empire at the age of 80 years.
In the 280s BCE, Gauls (a tribe on the Macedonian N. border) attacked and it cost Macedonia dearly. And the Greeks to the south never stopped revolting from Macedonian rule.
Macedonia life changed very little from as far back as Philip II through Alexander's quests and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
Greek city-states changed much - democracy was gone, poleis citizenship relaxes so that immigrants and freed slaves now citizens, less attachment to cities, many jobs became specialized, new economy widened gulf between rich and poor and participatory government suffered as a result. Polis changed into cosmopolitan cities and individuals sought to enhance their own fortunes in a wider world.
Cosmopolitan cities emerged
Individuals specialized in professions
Cities were open to immigrants, foreigners, and freed slaves
Gold and Silver coins in use widespread

Philip II of Macedonia and the Conquest of Greece: A Turning Point in Western Civilization, Study notes of Cultural History of Europe

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Download Philip II of Macedonia and the Conquest of Greece: A Turning Point in Western Civilization and more Study notes Cultural History of Europe in PDF only on Docsity!

Western Civilizations (Ch 3) The Hellenistic World (336-150 BCE)

Alexander's Conquests, Successor Kingdoms, Economy, Culture, Philosophy, Science, and Religion