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WILLIAMS' BASIC NUTRITION & DIET THERAPY.
Typology: Exams
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indispensable amino acids - correct answers-the nine amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body does not make adequate amounts to support body needs dispensable amino acids - correct answers-the five amino acids that the body can synthesize from other amino acids that are supplied through the diet and thus do not have to be consumed on a daily basis conditionally indispensable amino acids - correct answers-the six amino acids that are normally considered dispensable amino acids because the body can make them; however, under certain circumstances (e.g., illness), the body cannot make them in high enough quantities, and they become indispensable (cannot do without) in the diet catabolism - correct answers-the metabolic process of breaking down large substances to yield smaller building blocks anabolism - correct answers-the metabolic process of building large substances from smaller parts; the opposite of catabolism deamination - correct answers-the removal of the nitrogen-containing part (amino group) from an amino acid osmotic pressure - correct answers-the pressure that is produced as a result of osmosis across a semipermeable membrane proenzyme - correct answers-an inactive precursor (i.e., a forerunner substance from which another substance is made) that is converted to the active enzyme by the action of an acid, another enzyme, or other means zymogen - correct answers-an inactive enzyme precursor pepsin - correct answers-the main gastric enzyme specific for proteins; pepsin begins breaking large protein molecules into shorter chain polypeptides, and it is activated by gastric hydrochloric acid rennin - correct answers-the milk-curdling enzyme of the gastric juice of human infants and young animals (e.g., calves); rennin should not be confused with renin,
which is an important enzyme produced by the kidneys that plays a vital role in the activation of angiotensin trypsin - correct answers-a protein-splitting enzyme secreted as the inactive proenzyme trypsinogen by the pancreas and that is activated and works in the small intestine to reduce proteins to shorter-chain polypeptides and dipeptides enterokinase - correct answers-an enzyme produced and secreted in the duodenum in response to food entering the small intestine; it activates trypsinogen to its active form of trypsin chymotrypsin - correct answers-a protein-splitting enzyme secreted as the inactive zymogen chymotrypsinogen by the pancreas; after it has been activated by trypsin, it acts in the small intestine to continue breaking down proteins into shorter-chain polypeptides and dipeptides carboxypeptidase - correct answers-a specific protein-splitting enzyme secreted as the inactive zymogen procarboxypeptidase by the pancreas; after it has been activated by trypsin, it acts in the small intestine to break off the acid (i.e., carboxyl) end of the peptide chain, thereby producing smaller-chained peptides and free amino acids aminopeptidase - correct answers-e a specific protein-splitting enzyme secreted by glands in the walls of the small intestine that breaks off the nitrogen-containing amino end (i.e., NH2) of the peptide chain, thereby producing smaller chained peptides and free amino acids dipeptidase - correct answers-the final enzyme in the protein-splitting system that releases free amino acids from dipeptide bonds