Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam Review: Turf & Landscape All chapters covered and grad, Exams of Pest Management

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WISCONSIN PESTICIDE

APPLICATOR EXAM REVIEW:

TURF & LANDSCAPEALL

CHAPTERS COVERED AND

GRADED A+ 2025

[Document subtitle] [DATE] [COMPANY NAME] [Company address]

Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam Review: Turf &

Landscape

All chapters covered and graded A+

Ch.1 List the general kinds of damage insect pests can cause

1. Chew on seeds, roots, leaves, stems, & fruits
2. Tunnel in roots, stems, & leaves
3. Suck plant juices
4. Promote gall formation and other malformations
5. Inject toxins into plants
6. Transmit diseases to plants
7. Create a nuisance for people .Ch.1 Describe the structural features of insects.
8. Insects have a body form with 3 regions: head, thorax, abdomen
9. 3 pairs of legs attached to the thorax
10. 0, 1, or 2 pairs of wings attached to the thorax
11. 1 pair of antennae .Ch.1 Explain how to distinguish insects from other arthropods.
12. Arthropods have an exoskeleton
13. Body form has 2 regions: head & abdomen
14. Usually 4 pairs of legs attached to the head
15. No wings
16. No antennae .Ch.1 Contrast the difference between simple and complete metamorphosis.
17. Simple: "Incomplete Metamorphosis"; 3 stages: egg, nymph, adult
18. Complete: 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult .Ch.1 Explain how temperature and humidity affect insect development.
19. Preferences vary for each insect
20. Combined effect of temperature & humidity impacts reproduction & development more than either alone
21. Development is faster with heat, slower with cold temps
22. Insects die at high threshold temps and become inactive at low temps
23. Humidity affects insect diseases and moisture levels needed for survival

46. Herbaceous: Lack bark .Ch.2 Describe the life cycles and propagation of annual, biennial, and perennial plants.
47. Annuals: Live less than 12 months; prolific seed producers; some dormant for years
    • Summer Annuals: germinate in spring, flower in summer, die late summer/early fall
    • Winter Annuals: germinate in fall, overwinter, flower in spring, die
48. Biennials: Live 2 seasons; germinate, overwinter as rosette, flower, produce seed, die
49. Perennials: Live 2+ years; reproduce via seed or vegetative means (stolons, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs) .Ch.2 Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest to do so.
50. Annuals: Kill entire shoot during seeding stage (tillage or herbicide)
    • Summer & Winter Annuals: same timing
51. Biennials: Best controlled at rosette stage (herbicides)
52. Perennials: Repeated tillage or herbicide translocation to all parts .Ch.2 Distinguish preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicide applications.
53. Preplant: before planting
54. Preemergence: after planting, before weeds emerge
55. Postemergence: after weeds emerge; timing critical .Ch.2 Explain effects of soil texture, organic matter, pH, and herbicide persistence.
56. Fine-textured soils/high organic matter may need higher herbicide rates
57. Some soils prohibit use of certain herbicides to prevent damage or persistence issues
58. Sandy soils with shallow water tables risk groundwater contamination .Ch.2 Describe how and when to make basal-bark treatment.
59. Spray lower 18" of stems; thoroughly wet stem, crown, roots
60. Can be applied anytime when bark isn't wet or snow/water prevent spraying .Ch.2 Describe how and when to make an effective cut-stump treatment.

61. For thick bark (>5"), thoroughly wet cut surface before tissue dries (within 2– 3 hours)
62. Cover bark, crown buds, roots, root collar, and cut surface .Ch.2 List steps to minimize adverse effects when applying herbicides in urban areas.
63. Prevent spray drift, runoff, volatilization
64. Spray when weeds most susceptible
65. Use less volatile formulations
66. Apply when temps <80°F
67. Avoid midsummer spraying
68. Avoid dry, compacted soils
69. Keep pesticides off impermeable surfaces

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.Chapter 2: Know the Law.

70. Landowners must control certain weeds to prevent spread

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.Ch.3 Define plant disease and causes.

71. Harmful change in plant physiology/structure caused by outside agent .Ch.3 List major groups of plant pathogens (7).
72. Fungi (blights)
73. Oomycetes (downy mildews)
74. Nematodes (root rot)
75. Bacteria (fire blight)
76. Phytoplasmas (corn stunts)
77. Viruses (soybean mosaic)
78. Viroids (potato spindle tuber) .Ch.3 Describe how pathogens spread.
79. Fungi: wind, rain splash, insect vectors
80. Oomycetes: wind, rain, infested soil
81. Nematodes: infested soil, planting stock
82. Bacteria: rain, insects, tools
83. Phytoplasmas: insect vectors only
84. Viruses: insects, mechanical, seed, vegetative

105. Strict regulation; permits needed from WI Dept of Ag, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP) and/or WI DNR .Ch.4 Damage caused by pests in turf and landscapes.
106. Meadow Mice: girdle roots, injure trees/shrubs
107. Rabbits: browse on bark/branches
108. Moles: tunnels interfere with mowing, expose roots
109. Ground Squirrels: garden/lawn problems
110. Skunks: beneficial but stinky
111. Deer: damage by feeding, rubbing, trampling .Ch.4 Management options.
112. Meadow Mice: rodenticide baits
113. Rabbits: no lethal pesticides, habitat management
114. Moles: poison baits, food-based
115. Squirrels: toxic bait, rodenticides
116. Skunks: trapping, habitat modification
117. Deer: repellents, scare devices, fencing

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.Chapter 4: Know the Law.

118. Permits required for mammal control (except rats/mice)

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.Ch.5 Define pesticide and how it differs from types.

119. Substance used to control pests or reduce damage .Ch.5 Contrast organic, inorganic, microbial pesticides.
120. Organic: contains carbon, may be plant-derived or synthetic
121. Inorganic: minerals, naturally occurring, less effective, more toxic
122. Microbial: bacteria, fungi, viruses causing disease .Ch.5 Explain pesticide naming conventions (3).
123. Chemical: active ingredient’s chemical name (long, complex)
124. Common: active ingredient’s general name
125. Trade: manufacturer-specific formulation name .Ch.5 Contact vs systemic insecticides.

126. Contact: act on pests upon direct contact
127. Systemic: absorbed, translocated within the plant .Ch.5 Characteristics of insecticide groups (5).
128. Synthetic Organic: manufactured, most widely used
129. Botanicals: plant-derived, nonpersistent, potentially toxic
130. Oils: from crude petroleum, suffocate pests
131. Insecticidal Soaps: disrupt respiration and membranes
132. Microbial: Bt (targets caterpillars), milky spore (Japanese beetles) .Ch.5 Selective vs nonselective herbicides.
133. Selective: target specific weeds, spare desirable plants
134. Nonselective: kill most/all plants .Ch.5 Contact vs systemic herbicides.
135. Contact: kill only where applied
136. Systemic: absorbed, translocated within plant .Ch.5 Protectant vs post-infection fungicides.
137. Protectant: prevent disease, applied repeatedly
138. Post-infection: kill or inhibit after disease established, effective within 48 hours .Ch.5 Rodenticides for rats/mice.
139. Anticoagulants or acute poisons cause internal bleeding

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.Ch.6 Describe inert ingredients.

140. No pesticidal activity; improve application and safety .Ch.6 Formulations: considerations when selecting.
141. Active ingredient chemistry dictates formulation type
142. Different formulations have advantages/disadvantages
143. Price, ease of measurement, suspension, or solution characteristics, and storage stability influence choice .Ch.6 Liquid formulations (know which are which).
144. Emulsifiable Concentrates (E/EC): suspension, minimal agitation, skin absorption

165. Valid for 30 days
166. Cannot use restricted pesticides or direct their use
167. Must be supervised by certified applicator
168. Must carry registration info .Ch.7 Recordkeeping.
169. Keep records of applications requiring certification/licensing
170. Keep for at least 2 years .Ch.7 Pesticide classifications.
171. Prohibited: hazardous, banned
172. Limited-use: specific uses only
173. Special rules: regulated due to risks .Ch.7 Permits and certifications.
174. May need special permits for certain applications

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.Ch.8 Difference between labels and labeling.

175. Labels: printed/attached info on container
176. Labeling: label + all additional info .Ch.8 When to read a label.
177. Before purchase
178. Before storage
179. Before mixing and application
180. Before cleaning equipment
181. Before disposal .Ch.8 Information on labels.
182. Restricted-use statement
183. Trade name
184. Pesticide type & formulation
185. Ingredient statement
186. Net contents
187. EPA registration number & establishment number .Ch.8 Similar product names, different uses.
188. Always verify active ingredients and registered uses

.Ch.8 Signal words (4).

189. Danger-Poison (skull & crossbones)
190. Danger
191. Warning
192. Caution .Ch.8 Signal word meaning.
193. Indicates toxicity level (Roman numerals I–IV; I=most toxic, IV=least) .Ch.8 Deviating from label directions.
194. Lower application rates or frequencies
195. Apply to listed site/pest
196. Use permitted application methods
197. Mix with other pesticides/fertilizers if not prohibited .Ch.8 State law considerations.
198. Follow federal, but obey stricter state laws .Ch.8 Changing label directions.
199. Use as per original label if no updates
200. Do not use after label changes or bans .Ch.8 Label vs MSDS.
201. Label: legal instructions
202. MSDS: detailed chemical, toxicological info

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.Ch.9 Hazard vs toxicity.

203. Hazard: potential for injury (toxicity x exposure)
204. Toxicity: capacity to cause injury .Ch.9 Pesticide entry routes.
205. Dermal
206. Oral
207. Inhalation
208. Eye .Ch.9 Work habits leading to exposure.

231. Shower after work, change clothes
232. Use common sense and extra PPE when needed .Ch.10 Hazard Communication Standards (HCS).
233. OSHA law protecting workers from hazardous chemicals .Ch.10 Features of effective PPE.
234. Chemical resistant
235. Puncture/tear resistant
236. Sealed seams
237. Comfortable .Ch.10 Chemical resistance & worker acceptance.
238. Resistance decreases comfort, affecting acceptance .Ch.10 Protection levels.
239. Work clothes
240. Coveralls
241. Spray suits
242. Aprons
243. Gloves
244. Footwear
245. Headgear
246. Eye & face protection .Ch.10 Gloves.
247. Use lined, chemical-resistant gloves
248. Wear sleeves outside gloves
249. Overhead spraying: gloves outside sleeves with cuff cup
250. For raised/lowered arms: cuff tightly with tape or elastic .Ch.10 Footwear, headgear, eyewear.
251. Unlined, chemical-resistant shoes/shoe covers
252. Wide-brimmed hat or hooded suit
253. Tight-fitting, non-fogging safety glasses .Ch.10 Respirator fit and maintenance.
254. Fit-test before use, annually; perform fit checks each time .Ch.10 Washing & discarding PPE.

255. Shake dust off outdoors
256. Pre-soak or prewash
257. Wash separately, thoroughly in hot water
258. Drain wash water and check for stains/odors; discard if persistent
259. Sun-dry or properly store PPE

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.Ch.10: Know the Law.

260. Employers must ensure proper respirator fit and maintenance
261. OSHA law applies to workplaces, except farms

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.Ch.11 Recognizing and responding to exposure.

262. Assume symptoms during or after work indicate exposure .Ch.11 Label & MSDS info for emergencies.
263. Emergency contacts & directions for physicians .Ch.11 When to seek medical attention.
264. Symptoms during or after work
265. Swallowed pesticides
266. Pesticide in eyes
267. Symptoms of poisoning/injury .Ch.11 Proper actions for medical emergencies.
268. Remove victim, start first aid
269. Take to hospital with label/container info
270. Provide detailed info .Ch.11 First aid procedures (5).
271. Decontaminate victim carefully
272. Dilute pesticide with water immediately
273. Move to fresh air if inhaled
274. Mouth-to-mouth if breathing stopped
275. Do not give oral to unconscious .Ch.11 Inducing vomiting.
276. Don't if unconscious or convulsing

296. Emergency response info & shipping papers required
297. Proper placarding or CDL needed for hazardous loads .Ch.12 Hazardous class info.
298. Find on MSDS sections: "Transport" & "Regulatory" .Ch.12 Requirements for hazardous materials (3).
299. Hazardous material training
300. Emergency response info & shipping papers
301. Placarding & CDL if applicable .Ch.12 When placarding/CDL required.
302. Pesticides >119 gal or >1000 lbs with poison label
303. CDL needed for commercial vehicles over 26,001 lbs, 16+ passengers, or hazardous materials

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.Ch.13 Pesticide storage & security.

304. Post signs indicating storage
305. Never store with food, feed, seed, fertilizers, PPE
306. Keep herbicide/fertilizer separate from pesticides .Ch.13 Storage site features.
307. Downwind, downhill from sensitive areas
308. Avoid flood-prone or water contamination zones .Ch.13 Storage design details.
309. Insulate to 40–100°F; prevent rupture
310. Avoid flooding/dampness .Ch.13 Reduce spill/fire risks.
311. Ventilate, avoid heat sources, install smoke alarms, have fire extinguisher .Ch.13 Protect workers.
312. Ventilate, provide wash stations, emergency info .Ch.13 Pre-storage precautions (8).
313. Check containers & labels
314. Date with purchase date

315. Inventory & use older first
316. Store dry above liquids
317. Isolate volatiles
318. Store in original containers
319. Proper labeling .Ch.13 Pesticide arrangement.
320. Keep at proper temperature (40–100°F) to prevent rupture .Ch.13 Short-term storage of empty containers.
321. Cover/secure containers at site
322. Store until disposal or recycling .Ch.13 Bulk storage rule.
323. Liquid >55 gal or solid >100 lbs; includes mini-bulk
324. Larger quantities require compliance

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.Ch.14 Mixing/loading hazards and site suitability.

325. Prevent ground/surface water contamination
326. Cannot fill near wells or surface waters (<8 ft)
327. Exemptions: small quantities (≤5 gal or 50 lbs), away from wells (≥100 ft) .Ch.14 Exposure minimization when mixing/loading.
328. Wear PPE, especially gloves
329. Read first aid info
330. Outdoors: stand crosswind .Ch.14 Water supply protection.
331. No filling directly from waters unless protected
332. Avoid overflow .Ch.14 Rinsate use rules.
333. Use only if labeled for site & within rates .Ch.14 Proper rinsing of containers.
334. Fill 10–20%, shake, drain, repeat 3x
335. Reuse or dispose properly

357. Reuse, recycle, Wisconsin Clean Sweep, licensed hazardous waste facility

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.Ch.16 Emergency planning & spill response.

358. Protects health, minimizes environmental damage, reduces liability
359. Triggered by use/storage of listed hazardous substances exceeding TPQ
360. Report to Wisconsin Emergency Management & Local Emergency Planning Committee .Ch.16 Facility site plan features.
361. SARA substances info, emergency contacts, facility sketch, update regularly .Ch.16 Spill definition.
362. Release of pesticide into environment outside normal use .Ch.16 Agencies for spills.
363. Wisconsin DNR, Wisconsin Emergency Management, LEPC, DATCP .Ch.16 "3 Cs" of spill management.
364. Control, Contain, Clean Up .Ch.16 Spill procedures.
365. Control: stop further release
366. Contain: limit area of spill
367. Clean Up: decontaminate or neutralize .Ch.16 Agency assistance.
368. Local professionals & state agencies provide guidance; responsibility remains with the applicator .Ch.16 Reporting spills.
369. Many spills must be reported to authorities .Ch.16 Responsibility.
370. You are responsible for cleanup

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.Ch.17 Pesticide tolerances & application notifications.

371. EPA sets maximum residue levels to prevent excess residues
372. Use pesticides only as directed, calibrate equipment accurately .Ch.17 Protecting yourself & others.
373. Notify others, especially in remote areas, and keep children/pets away
374. Make emergency repairs safely .Ch.17 Legal definition of "landscape".
375. Turf, ornamental, or mulched areas around premises, parks, workplaces, etc.
376. Most pesticide applications in this category are landscape applications .Ch.17 Notification responsibilities.
377. Offer pre- and post-application info to customers
378. Notify landscape registry signups
379. Provide info upon request to interested persons/public .Ch.17 Entry during REI.
380. No entry unless PPE conditions are met .Ch.17 Posting requirements.
381. Post before application
382. Sign types: Landscape, ATCP 29, Permanent
383. Sign locations: visible points, sensitive areas, near entry points .Ch.17 Sign timing & responsibility.
384. Landscape signs stay until sunset next day
385. ATCP 29: during REI, until expiration
386. Permanent: always visible
387. Responsible person varies by sign type

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.Ch.18 Application methods (7).

388. Broadcast, directed spray, foliar, spot, basal-bark, cut-surface, soil .Ch.18 Sprayer types.
389. Hydraulic, hose & reel, small-capacity, trigger pump