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WJEC CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 4 EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
"1.Ensure defendants are in police custody before court./
- Police attend court to give evidence./
3. Police apply to the courts for search and arrest warrants./ - CORRECT ANSWER Relationship
between the police and the courts"
"Break the terms of release and must return to prison - CORRECT ANSWER Licence"
"The police seek advice from the CPS on the charging of suspects. Both agencies work together in
the prosecuting of offenders. The CPS offers the police 'CPS Direct' - a 24 hour advice line. -
CORRECT ANSWER Relationship between the police and CPS"
"1. First reading/
- Second reading/
- Committee stage/
- Report stage/
- Third reading/
6. Royal assent/ - CORRECT ANSWER How are laws made?"
"A proposed law - CORRECT ANSWER Bill"
"discuss the pros and cons of an issue - CORRECT ANSWER Debate"
"Law - CORRECT ANSWER Statute"
"decisions of courts have value as precedent for future cases similarly circumstanced - CORRECT
ANSWER Judicial precedent"
"Crime control model - CORRECT ANSWER What model shows:
- Quick and efficient disposal of cases
- Zero tolerance approach
- Assembly line or conveyor belt
- Right realism theory of criminality
- Punish criminals and stop them committing further crimes
- Deter crime through detection and conviction
- Protect rights of victims
"These are the thoughts and views that we have of crime, linking to our morals and conscience. -
CORRECT ANSWER What is internal social control?"
"Social Learning theory - CORRECT ANSWER Which theory from Unit 2 links to internal social
control?" "1. Police
- Parents
- Teachers
- Judges
- Magistrates
- Traffic wardens
- Prisons
- Religious leaders
- Security staff
10. CCTV - CORRECT ANSWER What are examples of external social control?"
"Walter C. Reckless and Travis Hirschi - CORRECT ANSWER Which theorists relate to the
control theory?" "1. Retribution
- Deterrence
- Rehabilitation
- Public protection
5. Reparation - CORRECT ANSWER What are the aims of punishment?"
"Keeping society safe from dangerous people. - CORRECT ANSWER What is public
protection?"
"Providing compensation for the crime or repairing the wrong done. - CORRECT ANSWER
What is reparation?" "Reinforcing rules, including moral and ethical ideas, to show that society does not agree with a
certain act and will not tolerate it. - CORRECT ANSWER What is denunciation?"
"Judicial Precedent - CORRECT ANSWER Law made by judges. When deciding cases, judges
must follow judgements in previous similar cases. Lower courts must follow higher courts."
"What was the precedent from Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) - CORRECT ANSWER Donoghue
v Stevenson: Mrs Donoghue suffered nervous shock upon discovering a decomposed snail in her bottle of lemonade. The court decided that the manufacturer of the lemonade owed a "duty of care" to Mrs Donoghue."
"Statutory Interpretation - CORRECT ANSWER Judges create law when they interpret the
wording of statutes." "Whitely v Chappell (1868)
(an example of statutory interpretation) - CORRECT ANSWER The defendant was charged
with the offence of "impersonating any person entitled to vote". The defendant had pretended to be a person not on the electoral register because the person had died. The court held that the defendant was not guilty because dead people are not entitled to vote." "What is the relationship between the following agencies of the criminal justice system?
- Police
- Ministry of Justice
- HM Courts and Tribunals Service
- Crown Prosecution Service
- National Probation Service
- Sentencing Council
- Campaigns for change - CORRECT ANSWER - Police: They work with the CPS to bring
prosecutions. Police officers often give evidence in court.
- Ministry of Justice: Oversees the work of the courts, probation and prison services.
- HM Courts and Tribunals Service: Judges create law through judicial precedent and statutory interpretation.
- Crown Prosecution Service: They advise the police on charging suspects.
- National Probation Service: They liaise with the police if a prisoner needs to be recalled to prison. They oversee prisons who have been released on licence.
- Sentencing Council: They work with the judiciary to produce guidelines for sentencing.
- Campaigns for change: The Sarah's Law campaign liaised with the police to introduce the sex offenders disclosure scheme. The Bobby Turnbull anti-gun campaign liaised with the police in changing gun licensing."
"Due Process model of criminal justice - CORRECT ANSWER The justice system should
safeguard the rights of the individual to reduce the chance of wrongful conviction."
"Presumption of innocence - CORRECT ANSWER A person should be presumed innocent until
proven guilty."
"How does the law support the due process model? - CORRECT ANSWER All interviews are
now recorded. Suspects have a right to legal representation. PACE (Police and Criminal Evidence Act)"
"Examples of areas of law that support the crime control model - CORRECT ANSWER "Bad
character" evidence can now be used, meaning that courts can consider previous convictions when considering a verdict. Removal of double jeopardy rules. Extended pre-charge detention for terrorist offences."
"Examples of crimes investigated using the crime control model - CORRECT ANSWER Colin
Stagg and Barry George: Arguably, the strong public reaction led to the demand for the case to be solved as quickly as possible."
"Internal forms of social control - CORRECT ANSWER Rational Ideology: Your conscience or
anxiety gives you feelings of guilt. Tradition: Religion or culture. Internalisation of social rules: Knowing what is right and wrong on social rules."
"External forms of social control - CORRECT ANSWER Coercion (the use of force)
Examples: Imprisonment, castration of sex-offenders in the USA."
"Reparation - CORRECT ANSWER Getting the offender to pay back to the victim or to society.
Examples: Payments of a sum of money to the victim, repairing damage, meeting face-to-face."
"Conditional discharge/Absolute discharge - CORRECT ANSWER Conditional: If the offender
reoffends during a set time period, the courts can impose a different sentence. Absolute: No penalty is imposed. It is used in the rare cases where a person is technically guilty but morally blameless."
"Does imprisonment meet the aims of punishment? - CORRECT ANSWER Life sentences
provide retribution (the offender gets his "just desserts". Indeterminate life sentences protect the public because such people will never be released. Releasing prisoners on licence could help rehabilitation."
"Parole board - CORRECT ANSWER An independent body which carries out risk assessments
on prisoners to determine if they can safely be released into the community."
"Do community sentences meet the aims of punishment? - CORRECT ANSWER Three quarters
of people sent to prison had at least one previous community sentence, suggesting that community sentences are not effective at preventing reoffending." "How do criminological theories link to the aims of punishment?
- Retribution
- Public protection
- Rehabilitation
- Reparation
- Deterrence - CORRECT ANSWER - Retribution (rational choice theory and deterrence)
- Public protection (biological theories)
- Rehabilitation (operant learning theory. cognitive theory)
- Reparation (labelling theory, functionalism)
- Deterrence (rational choice theory)"
"Do financial penalties (i.e. fines) work? - CORRECT ANSWER 61% of fines are either written
off or remain uncollected. Many fines are written off because offenders cannot be traced. In 2019 there were £2bn of unpaid fines."
"PCSOs (Police and Community Support Officers) - CORRECT ANSWER People who give up
their spare time to support the police. They work on the frontline tackling anti-social behaviour. They do not have powers of arrest."
"Special Constables - CORRECT ANSWER Volunteers who have full police powers."
"Police and Crime Commissioners - CORRECT ANSWER There are elected commissioners for
each region of the country, who are supposed to be the voice of the people and hold the police to account."
"What are the functions of the CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)? - CORRECT ANSWER To
decide which cases should be prosecuted. To determine appropriate charges. Prepare cases and present them in court. Support victims and prosecution witnesses."
"What two tests are used by the CPS when deciding if a case should be brought to trial? -
CORRECT ANSWER Evidential test: Is there enough evidence against the defendant to provide
"a realistic prospect of conviction"? Public interest test: Is it in the public interest to bring a prosecution?"
"Judicial Independence - CORRECT ANSWER Judges must make decisions solely on the basis of
law, evidence and facts."
"Aims of the prison service - CORRECT ANSWER To provide punishment in the form of
deprivation of liberty. To attempt to rehabilitate prisoners so they can return to society."
Budget cuts Laws which prevent other laws being implemented (e.g. Human Rights Act)"
"Recidivism - CORRECT ANSWER The tendency of convicted criminals to reoffend."
"How have budget cuts affected different agencies? - CORRECT ANSWER Cuts in the police
service may mean that police are unable to detect and prevent crime. Cuts in the prison service may mean that prison officers fail to keep control of prisons. Cuts in the budget of the CPS may lead to miscarriages of justice."
"Examples of crimes committed by those with a moral imperative. - CORRECT ANSWER
Assisted suicide: Kay Gilderdale administered drugs to her daughter to help her to die. Anti-vivisection protestors: Luke Steele, head of the Anti-vivisection Coalition, has twice been imprisoned for attacks on laboratories and harassment of laboratory workers." "Disorder in Cromer (2017)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2jZ0pDUFEk - CORRECT ANSWER During a weekend of
anti-social behaviour in the seaside town, police recorded 37 crimes including rape, theft and assaults. However, at the time, police failed to provide support to locals because they classed it as "low level disturbance"." "Lord Janner https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWVe6WryOaY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NxmpEyXuWk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYG_DnHcI-w - CORRECT ANSWER Lord Greville Janner
escaped prosecution for serious sexual abuse of boys because of failings by the CPS and police."
"What evidence is there that prisons are not effective? - CORRECT ANSWER The number of
people recalled to custody has increased. The UK has the highest imprisonment rate in Western Europe.
Social control is not maintained in prisons, e.g. the increase in prison disturbances and the widespread use of drugs."
Ac1.1: processes of law making 4 MARKS - CORRECT ANSWER Note: judicial and
parliamentary"
"1) Describe a parliamentary (government) law making - CORRECT ANSWER A law is made
through parliament
- a bill is proposed by a mp, green paper is used -first reading proposal of bill is announced to both the house of commons and House of Lords
- Second reading, the main debate of bill a unanimous vote is made for/against the bill
- comittee stage selected group of mps alter and amend the bill.
- Ping-pong stage, the new amended bill is announced to HC&HL amendments of the bill may be added and amended -third reading, and final vote the HC and HL Must agree if it becomes a law
- Finally royal asssent the moarch signs the bill as a formal approval of the bill, then becomes a statute, white paper"
"Ac 1.2: Describe the relationships between agencies (7 MARKS) - CORRECT ANSWER NOTE:
link at least 3/4 different agencies to the specific one mentioned in the Q" "1.1) Describe the relationship of the police service with other agencies in the criminal justice
system - CORRECT ANSWER - Police and courts work with the courts to ensure criminals are in
custody by enforcing the law. Using PACE codes
- Police and cps advise the police on what evidence they need to gain a conviction. -when arresting and detaining a offender the police will ask the cps to charge the offender based on the evidence the police provide. the cps will asses and review the case and determine if it should go to trial.
- police and courts During trial the police will help assist the Hm prison service with safely taking the defendant to trial. And may be advised to stand as expert witness depending on the case.
- Hm prison service and the police liaise the defendant to trial safely with the help of police officers on standby if necessary.
- prison service and probation if the courts is fitting then Hm prison service will safely release the offender to probation officer if the offender fails to meet probation terms then they will go back to prison."
"1.5) Describe the relationship of probation with other agencies in the criminal justice system -
CORRECT ANSWER - probation and Courts the courts decide on the sentence of probation and
oversee the work of prohibition service. -prison service and probation if the courts believe probation is fitting then Hm prison service will safely release the offender to probation officer if the offender fails to meet probation terms then they will go back to prison.
- Probation and Police with the help of the police arresting the offender and transporting them to prisons."
"Ac 1.3: Describe models of criminal justice system (4/6 marks) - CORRECT ANSWER Note:
commonly 6 marker question if links back to referred case in the paper no referral q then 4 marker."
"1) Describe the model of crime control model - CORRECT ANSWER TIP: Right realism- always
think there right Crime control module is influenced by white realism views and links to zero tolerance policies
- crime control module aims to promote victims rights by protecting the victim and public by removing offenders from society immediately and efficiently example; double jeopardy rule removed, now can be sentenced for the same crime more than once.
- Case example; Collin Stagg police aimed to gain a immoderate conviction and used "morally unethical" measures to secure conviction"
"1.2) Describe the model of due process model - CORRECT ANSWER Left realism views
Aims to reduce crime by removing criminals from society however focuses on the protecting suspects rights and needs being met in order to provide a fair sentence example; PACE Codes are used to limit police powers to prevent unfair arrest and provide rights to suspects. Example; John Venables case sentencing has been criticised as unfair despite fittingly appropriate to the law and age of criminals."
"Ac 2.1: explain forms of social control (4 MARKS) - CORRECT ANSWER Internal
External"
"1) Explain forms of internal social control - CORRECT ANSWER TIP INTERNAL-internalisation
society tradition- conforming to social norms through a persons traditional religious belief and conforming to what the religion condemns right and wrong example; not committing a crime due reprisal from god go to hell -internalisation of social rules- individual accepts social and moral views of what is right and wrong example; cue jumping is seen as socially unacceptable."
"moral imperatives - CORRECT ANSWER Assisted suicide believe there actions are right
despite the awareness of the consequences"
"1.2) Explain external forms of social control - CORRECT ANSWER -Tip external- being
punched in the face =coercion Coercion- physical or nonviolent punishment coheres the individual to follow set rules example; imprisonment fear loss of liberties such as phone calls and family visits revoked. -Fear of imprisonment - individuals deter from committing a crime due to fear of loss of liberties such as work and family relationships"
"2.2) describe some of punishment 6MARKS - CORRECT ANSWER Note: a example of a a
specific punishment may be inc in question LINK back to case in Q. MAKE SURE TO APPLY ALL FORMS OF AIMS OF PUNISHMENT TO Q"
"1) Deterrence - CORRECT ANSWER Deter-discouraging criminal acts by threatening
punishment to express society disapproval of act Fines for drunk driving"
"1.2)retribution - CORRECT ANSWER Offenders behaviour deserving punishment,
punishment is fitting to the crime An 'eye for an eye' Tip: Same level of punishment as crime trial by murder= capital punishment"
"1.3)Protection of the public - CORRECT ANSWER -Offender is made incapable of committing
further crime
crime committed 'eye for an eye' example; capital punishment as a punishment for committing murder
- deterrence links with right realism as being punished for the crime will prevent them from re- offending for example; imprisonment for stabbing someone -Rehabilitation links with Left realism as it is forward- thinking aiming to modify behaviour rather than punish example; AA meetings for drink driving
- Reparation links with rational theory as it aims to take accountability for there actions example; paying the claimant money for the damages they have suffered."
"Ac 3.1: describe the role of agencies in social control 4/5marks - CORRECT ANSWER Note:
what do the specific agency do THERE ROLE"
"1.2) What is the role of police service in social control? - CORRECT ANSWER Role:
- Police reduce crime and enforce the law in order to protect life and property
- they do this by arresting and detaining a person using Police and criminal act (PACE) Working duty:
- Police also respond and attend to emergency calls being first at the scene of the crime and doing beat down duty.
- there are specialist departments in the police anti-terrorism, firearms team's etc
- Police departments are all placed locally in England Funding: -funding comes from government from tax payers money"
"1.3) What is the role of judiciary service in social control? - CORRECT ANSWER Role:
- judiciary courts are divided from superior and inferior judges which work in separate courts magistrates, crown court, appeals courts and Supreme Court. Working practice: -Judges have to take an oath to ensure that they will not be biased and work independently from parliament.
- judges statutory interpret the law and apply it to a case providing appropriate sentencing based on case law.
- They also manage a trial, dismissing evidence which can be considered admissible.
- In crown court they sum up evidence provided during trial to the jury andreach a sentence based on the verdict of the jury
Funding:
- Provided by the SSRB and funded by the government through taxpayers"
"3.3/3.4 Evaluate effectiveness of agencies in achieving social control 9 marks - CORRECT
ANSWER NOTE: agency specific, Q commonly the effective of prison service or probation (not
always but most of the time) fact/ case example police have been considered institutionally racist Steven Lawrence , case McPherson report. LIberties Finance Loss of resource Protection of the public Rehabilitation"
"probation - CORRECT ANSWER Pro- rehabilitation- treatment is given to offenders to help
modify behaviour understanding the cause of offending/reoffending and finding solutions to prevent it for example; for drunk driving AA meetings and drink awareness classes to help combat addiction and thus prevent criminal behaviour Pro- provides resource support- accommodations for offenders who are newly released from prison and have no where to live as well as basic necessities provide to ensure they are healthy Pro- protection of the public- probation officers safeguard and regularly do 1 to 1 check ups on the offenders to ensure they are safe dealing with any concerns they may have and noting the offender is meeting probation terms, not reoffending. Con- financial- probation is funded by the government and due to government cutbacks probation has had to reduce probation staff meaning all offenders are unable to seen or requirements met as many offenders are unable to obtain accommodation secured by probation meaning they are homeless and less likely to term to crime to meet requirements this is in link with the criticism of reoffending rates increase Con- lack of resource- due to cutbacks treatment programs including educational programs have been stopped which means offenders are likely to reoffend due to lack of access to resource support Con- safeguarding-there has been criticism regarding probation safeguarding risk assessments checks on offenders not been adequately done influence reoffending and homeless rates in ex offenders"
"External controls are outside influences which make us follow the rules and not commit crime.
They persuade or compel us to conform to the rules. - CORRECT ANSWER What is external
social control?" "This is the idea that people do not commit criminal or deviant acts because there are factors that
control their behaviour and desire or impulse to break the rules. - CORRECT ANSWER What is
control theory?" "Retributions are not punishments for punishment's sake, but are the desire to ensure that the
offender is adequately punished and doesn't commit crime any more. - CORRECT ANSWER
What is retribution?" "Rehabilitation aims to change the offender and make them use their free will, or their own mind
so they do not want to commit crime, but rather conform to the rules of society. - CORRECT
ANSWER What is rehabilitation?"
"Trying to dissuade the offender with both general and individual fear of punishment -
CORRECT ANSWER What is deterrence?"
What is the role of the judge in a crown court case? - CORRECT ANSWER make decisions
about the law including interpretation and analysis generally managing a trial, ensuring it is human rights compliant explain the procedure and legal issues to the jury, sum up the evidence for them and answer questions pass a sentence if appropriate"
"Outline the process used by the government for making laws - CORRECT ANSWER green
paper, white paper; a first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading. this is repeated in both houses of parliament before gaining royal assent and becoming law."
"Examples of cases investigated using the due process model - CORRECT ANSWER Sion
Jenkins: He had a right to an appeal and a retrial."
"Crime Control Model - CORRECT ANSWER The priority is to punish criminals and to stop them
committing further crimes. It supports enhanced powers for the police and prioritises the rights of victims over those of suspects."
"Control Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Control theories try to explain why people do not
commit crimes. They believe that people require nurturing to develop attachments or bonds which are key in producing internal controls, e.g. a conscience."
"Travis Hirschi (Four types of social bonds) - CORRECT ANSWER He believed that it is
important for people to form social bonds to prevent criminal behaviour. Attachment: Positive relationships with parents, schools and peer groups. Commitment: Commitment to future goals, e.g. having a good job and a nice house. Involvement: Involvement in social organisations and activities. Belief: Belief in society's values."
