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PROPIEDADES DE LOS

MATERIALES

Metales, polímeros y cerámicos

DANIEL ORLANDO ESCORCIA DÍAZ

Estructura de los materiales

Propiedades de los materiales Familia Material Propiedades mecánicas Propiedades físicas Metales Módulo de Young (GPa) Resistencia a tracción (MPa) Resistencia a fluencia (Tracción) (MPa) Conductividad térmica (W/m°C) Coeficiente de expansión térmica (10-^6 °C-^1 ) Punto de fusión (°C) Acero 190 - 207 [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Aluminio 69 [7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Cobre 120 [13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

Magnesio 100 [19]

[20]

[20]

[16]

[21]

[18]

Titanio 103 - 110 [22]

[23]

[24]

[16]

[25]

[18]

Tungsteno 292 [26]

[27]

[27]

[26]

[28]

[18]

Polímeros Polietileno 0. [29]

[30]

[30]

[31]

200 [31]

[30]

Poliestireno 1.6[32] 55 - 70 [32] 24 [33] 0.17[32] 70 - 90 [32] 270 [34] Polimetilmetacrilato 0. [35]

[36]

[35]

[37]

[37]

[38]

Polipropileno 1. [29]

[29]

[30]

[39]

[40]

[30]

Tereftalato de polietileno

[41]

[42]

[43]

[39]

[44]

[42]

Poli vinil cloruro 3. [29]

[29]

[45]

[46]

[46]

[47]

Policarbonato 2. [48]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[50]

[51]

Cerámicos Sílice 66 [52]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[52]

[55]

Alúmina 300 - 330 [56]

[57]

[53]

[58]

[59]

[59]

Carburo de wolframio

[60]

[60]

[61]

[61]

[60]

• La conductividad térmica de los cerámicos varía, pero puede ser alta en comparación con los polímeros.
• Los cerámicos a menudo tienen puntos de fusión muy altos en comparación con los metales y polímeros. Conclusión: los metales destacan por su alta resistencia a la tracción, excelente conductividad térmica y altos puntos de fusión, lo que los hace ideales para aplicaciones que requieren resistencia mecánica, transferencia de calor eficiente y resistencia a temperaturas elevadas. Por otro lado, los polímeros se caracterizan por su flexibilidad y baja rigidez, pero tienen resistencias a la tracción considerablemente inferiores, lo que los hace más adecuados para aplicaciones que no requieren cargas elevadas. Además, los polímeros son buenos aislantes térmicos, pero tienen coeficientes de expansión térmica más altos, lo que significa que se expanden más con el aumento de la temperatura, lo que puede ser relevante en ciertos contextos. Los cerámicos son extremadamente rígidos, pueden tener resistencias a la tracción comparables a las de los metales y ofrecen una variedad de conductividades térmicas. También tienen puntos de fusión muy altos, lo que los hace idóneos para aplicaciones de alta temperatura. Finalmente, la elección del material adecuado depende de las propiedades específicas requeridas para una aplicación particular, y cada familia de materiales tiene sus ventajas y desventajas en función de esas necesidades. Referencias [1] “Knovel - Machinery’s Handbook (31st Edition) - Typical Elastic Properties of Materials.” https://app-knovel- com.consultaremota.upb.edu.co/kn/resources/kt01214OK1/kpMHE00033/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+bulk_modulus_of_elasticity_mechanical_ mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C 8%2C9&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3DSteel%3Aand%3Apn%3Dbulk+modulus+of+elastici ty+%28mechanical%29%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_nam e%3A+Steel+AND+bulk_modulus_of_elasticity_mechanical_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sor t_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [2] “Knovel - Machinery’s Handbook (31st Edition) - Table 1. Mechanical Properties of Steel Castings.” https://app-knovel- com.consultaremota.upb.edu.co/kn/resources/kt01214PW3/kpMHE00033/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+tensile_strength_mf%3A%5B++TO++% 5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10%2C11&d ata_search_query=%3Fmn%3DSteel%3Aand%3Apn%3Dtensile+strength%26o%3De&includ

e_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+tensile_strength_mf% A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [3] “Knovel - Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards (5th Edition) - Table 3.1A. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels for Structural Steel Plates.” https://app-knovel- com.consultaremota.upb.edu.co/kn/resources/kt01219A01/kpHCWSSE1A/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+tensile_yield_strength_mf%3A%5B++TO ++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10%2C 11%2C12%2C13%2C14%2C15%2C16&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3DSteel%3Aand%3Apn %3Dtensile+yield+strength%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_n ame%3A+Steel+AND+tensile_yield_strength_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [4] “Knovel - Analyzing and Troubleshooting Single-Screw Extruders (2nd Edition) - Table 4.2. Thermal Conductivities for Selected Resins, Steel, and Glass.” https://app-knovel- com.consultaremota.upb.edu.co/kn/resources/kt01216BT1/kpATSSEE03/itble/itable?b- content-type=itable&b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+thermal_conductivity_mf%3A%5B++TO+ +%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3DSteel%3Aan d%3Apn%3Dthermal+conductivity%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_subs tance_name%3A+Steel+AND+thermal_conductivity_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=d efault (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [5] “Knovel - Pavement Engineering - Principles and Practice (3rd Edition) - Table 4.3. Typical Values of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, CTE for Various Materials.” https://app-knovel- com.consultaremota.upb.edu.co/kn/resources/kt00CXYL91/kpPEPPE014/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+thermal_expansion_coefficient_mf%3A% 5B++TO++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3DSt eel%3Aand%3Apn%3Dthermal+expansion+coefficient%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no& q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+thermal_expansion_coefficient_mf%3A% 5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [6] “Knovel - Corrosion of Aluminium (2nd Edition) - Table L.7.1. Physical Properties.” https://app-knovel- com.consultaremota.upb.edu.co/kn/resources/kt01214RF5/kpCAE00002/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Steel+AND+melting_point_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D &columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3DSteel% Aand%3Apn%3Dmelting+point%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substan ce_name%3A+Steel+AND+melting_point_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [7] “Knovel - Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites (2nd Edition) - Table 25.4. Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Aluminum Oxide, Al 2 O 3 and Aluminum Oxide/Silicon Carbide, Al 2 O 3 /SiC(w) Composites.” https://app-knovel- com.consultaremota.upb.edu.co/kn/resources/kt00XRG5OB/kpACMCE006/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+Aluminum+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++TO ++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3D

+%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dal uminium%3Aand%3Apn%3Dmelting+point%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_ or_substance_name%3A+aluminium+AND+melting_point_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort _on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [13] “Knovel - Nanoparticle Technology Handbook (3rd Edition) - Table 3.5.2. Young′s Moduli and Poisson′s Ratios [5].” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00XRGE72/kpNTHE0011/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+copper+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++TO+ +%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dcopper%3Aan d%3Apn%3DYoung%27s+modulus%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_subst ance_name%3A+copper+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=defa ult (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [14] “Knovel - Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering (3rd Edition) - Table 2.3.2. Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00XRB0X3/kpSHPNGE09/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+copper+AND+tensile_strength_mf%3A%5B++TO++ %5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10&data_s earch_query=%3Fmn%3Dcopper%3Aand%3Apn%3Dtensile+strength%26o%3De&include_s ynonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+copper+AND+tensile_strength_mf%3A %5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [15] “Knovel - Machinery’s Handbook (31st Edition) - Table 2. Properties and Applications of Cast Coppers and Copper Alloys.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt01214P45/kpMHE00033/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+copper+AND+tensile_yield_strength_mf%3A%5B++ TO++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10% 2C11%2C12%2C13&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dcopper%3Aand%3Apn%3Dtensile+yiel d+strength%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+copp er+AND+tensile_yield_strength_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023). [16] “Knovel - Light Alloys - Metallurgy of the Light Metals (5th Edition) - Table 1.1. Some Physical Properties of Pure Metals.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00XRFHL1/kpLAMLME01/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+copper+AND+thermal_conductivity_mf%3A%5B++T O++%5D+AND+thermal_expansion_coefficient_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D+AND+boiling_p oint_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C %2C8%2C9%2C10%2C11%2C12%2C13%2C14&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dcopper%3A and%3Apn%3Dthermal+conductivity%26o%3De%3Aand%3Apn%3Dthermal+expansion+co efficient%26o%3De%3Aand%3Apn%3Dboiling+point%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q =material_or_substance_name%3A+copper+AND+thermal_conductivity_mf%3A%5B++TO ++%5D+AND+thermal_expansion_coefficient_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D+AND+boiling_poi nt_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 29, 2023).

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%2C24%2C25%2C26%2C27%2C28%2C29%2C30%2C31%2C32%2C33&data_search_query= %3Fmn%3Dpolyethylene%3Aand%3Apn%3Dthermal+conductivity%26o%3De&include_syn onyms=no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+polyethylene+AND+thermal_conductivity _mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [32] “Knovel - Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites (3rd Edition) - Table 4.34. Cross- linked Polystyrene, PS: Examples of Properties.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00XRGVB1/kpTTCE001D/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+polystyrene+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++T O++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10% C11%2C12%2C13%2C14%2C15%2C16&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dpolystyrene%3Aan d%3Apn%3DYoung%27s+modulus%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_subst ance_name%3A+polystyrene+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on= default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [33] “Knovel - Effect of Temperature and other Factors on Plastics and Elastomers (3rd Edition) - 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9. Tables of Selected ISO 10350 Properties of Selected Plastics.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00CYGQ02/kpETFPEE0L/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+polystyrene+AND+tensile_yield_strength_mf%3A%5B ++TO++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C 0%2C11%2C12%2C13%2C14%2C15%2C16%2C17&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dpolystyr ene%3Aand%3Apn%3Dtensile+yield+strength%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=materi al_or_substance_name%3A+polystyrene+AND+tensile_yield_strength_mf%3A%5B++TO+ +%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [34] “Knovel - Effect of Temperature and other Factors on Plastics and Elastomers (3rd Edition) - 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9. Tables of Selected Thermal Properties of Selected Plastics.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00CYGQ13/kpETFPEE0L/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+polystyrene+AND+melting_point_mf%3A%5B++TO+ +%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10%2C 1%2C12&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dpolystyrene%3Aand%3Apn%3Dmelting+point% 6o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+polystyrene+AND+ melting_point_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [35] “Knovel - Plastics Handbook - The Resource for Plastics Engineers (5th Edition) - Table 7.12. Properties of Transparent Plastic Materials.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00XRGJM1/kpPHTRPEE2/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+polymethylmethacrylate+AND+youngs_modulus_mf %3A%5B++TO++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6&data_searc h_query=%3Fmn%3Dpolymethylmethacrylate%3Aand%3Apn%3DYoung%27s+modulus% o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+polymethylmethacry late+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023).

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1%2C12%2C13%2C14%2C15%2C16%2C17%2C18%2C19%2C20%2C21%2C22%2C23%2C24%

2C25%2C26&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dsilica%3Aand%3Apn%3Dthermal+conductivit y%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+silica+AND+the rmal_conductivity_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [55] “Knovel - Handbook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives (4th Edition) - Characteristic Properties of Commercial Additives.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt012QI32C/kpHARSAE2J/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+silica+AND+melting_point_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D &columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C9%2C10%2C11%2C 2%2C13%2C14%2C15%2C16%2C17%2C18%2C19%2C20%2C21%2C22%2C23%2C24%2C25% 2C26%2C27%2C28%2C29%2C30%2C31%2C32%2C33%2C34%2C35%2C36%2C37%2C38%2C 39%2C40%2C41%2C42%2C43%2C44%2C45%2C46%2C47%2C48%2C49%2C50%2C51%2C %2C53%2C54%2C55%2C56%2C57%2C58%2C59%2C60%2C61%2C62%2C63%2C64%2C65% C66%2C67%2C68%2C69%2C70%2C71%2C72&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dsilica%3Aan d%3Apn%3Dmelting+point%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_or_substance_ name%3A+silica+AND+melting_point_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [56] “Knovel - Handbook of Ceramics Grinding and Polishing - Table 1.3. Mechanical Properties of Ceramics.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00CY7H72/kpHCGP0019/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+alumina+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++TO+ +%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dal umina%3Aand%3Apn%3DYoung%27s+modulus%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=mate rial_or_substance_name%3A+alumina+AND+youngs_modulus_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D& sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [57] “Knovel - Principles of Composite Material Mechanics (4th Edition) - Table 1.1. Selected Properties of Bulk and Fibrous Materials.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00XRFWO5/kpPCMME011/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+alumina+AND+tensile_strength_mf%3A%5B++TO+ +%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3%2C4%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8&data_search_quer y=%3Fmn%3Dalumina%3Aand%3Apn%3Dtensile+strength%26o%3De&include_synonyms= no&q=material_or_substance_name%3A+alumina+AND+tensile_strength_mf%3A%5B++T O++%5D&sort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023). [58] “Knovel - Adhesives Technology for Electronic Applications - Materials, Processing, Reliability (2nd Edition) - Table 2.6. Thermal Conductivities of Ceramic and Inorganic Materials Commonly Used in Electronic Devices and Assemblies.” https://app.knovel.com/kn/resources/kt00XRDAD8/kpATEAMP01/itble/itable?b- q=material_or_substance_name%3A+alumina+AND+thermal_conductivity_mf%3A%5B++ TO++%5D&columns=10101010%2C1%2C2%2C3&data_search_query=%3Fmn%3Dalumina %3Aand%3Apn%3Dthermal+conductivity%26o%3De&include_synonyms=no&q=material_o r_substance_name%3A+alumina+AND+thermal_conductivity_mf%3A%5B++TO++%5D&s ort_on=default (accessed Aug. 31, 2023).

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