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Apostila de Inglês Técnico Marítimo Parte 1
Tipologia: Notas de estudo
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Centro de Instrução Almirante Graça Aranha (CIAGA) Departamento de Ensino Básico Disciplinas: INGLÊS V Professores: Jander Barbosa
Safety on board ships is an important issue. Normally at sea and o�en very far from any possible assistance, there is nobody who can be called upon for help. Of course, the ship should be of good design, well maintained in seaworthy condi�on with sufficient stability, water�ght and weather �ght and properly equipped. However, safety on a ship is not guaranteed by availability on board of the compulsory safety items and systems. Safety cannot be bought. Most of the accidents on board ships are the result of human error. Preven�on through recogni�on, rec�fica�on and avoidance of unsafe ac�ons and/or situa�ons at all �mes and at all places on board by all personnel is of utmost importance. All ships and their offices ashore have to be cer�fied under the Interna�onal Safety Management Code (ISM CODE) and the crew has to work in accordance with the Safety Management System (SMS). The SMS is a set of rules describing in detail how to apply safety in general and how to use safety gear. Courses and regular drills are held in order to ensure that the crew is safety- conscious.
Regula�ons concerning safety on ships are formulated by the IMO Marine Safety Commi�ee (MSC), responsible for the SOLAS- Conven�on. The sub-commi�ee on Standards of Training, Cer�fica�on and Watchkeeping (STCW), have regulated the cer�fica�on of seafarers in the STCW Conven�on, The SOLAS Regula�ons apply to all ships over 150 GT for radio and over 500 GT for radio and safety equipment. Ra�fica�on by the relevant flag states means
that the states means that the states will adopt the regula�ons in their na�onal laws.
2.0 Fire Protec�on, Detec�on and Ex�nguishing The most important issue of Course, is protec�on. It prescribes the posi�ons of bulkheads, materials for subdividing structures, in combina�on with use of non-flammable materials, fire-proof doors, fire-proof insula�on etc. The three elements for combus�on are: flammable material, heat and oxygen, which should not be allowed to combine and create fire.
2.1 Combus�on Process Combus�on is the act or process of burning. For combus�on to occur, fuel, oxygen (air), and heat must be present together. Per defini�on combus�on is the chemical reac�on of a par�cular substance with an oxidant. Generally this will mean atmospheric oxygen and will be treated as such in the rest of this site. The combus�on process is started by hea�ng the fuel above its igni�on temperature in the presence of oxygen. Under the influence of heat, the chemical bonds of the fuel are split. If complete combus�on takes place, the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and sulphur (S) react with the oxygen content of the air to form carbon dioxide CO 2 , water vapour H 2 O and sulphur dioxide SO 2 and, to a lesser degree, sulphur trioxide SO 3. If not enough oxygen is present or the fuel / air mixture is insufficient then the burning gases are par�ally cooled below the igni�on temperature (too much air or cold burner walls), and the combus�on process stays incomplete. The flue gases then s�ll contain burnable components, mainly carbon monoxide CO, carbon C (soot) and various hydrocarbons C (^) x H (^) y. Since these components are, along with NO (^) x , pollutants which harm our environment, measures have to be taken to prevent the forma�on of them.
To ensure complete combus�on, it is essen�al to provide a certain amount of excess air. Combus�on op�misa�on saves money!
The quality of a combus�on system is determined by a maximum percentage of complete combus�on, along with a minimum of excess air (commonly 5 to 20% above the necessary level for ideal combus�on )
AIR
+ FUEL
>>> FLUE GAS
Oxygen (O (^) 2) Carbon (C) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Hydrogen (H2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen (N2) Sulphur (S) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Oxygen (O2) excess O (^2) Water vapour Nitrogen (N (^) 2) Nitrogen oxides (NOx ) Water (H (^) 2O) Nitrogen (N2) Water vapour Soot Flue gas will generally contain a certain amount of CH 4 (methane) if the combus�on was not complete. Other hydrocarbons will not occur under normal condi�ons. higher hydrocarbons are only produced under condi�ons of high pressure and high temperature such as occur in an internal combus�on engine.
The igni�on
The difference between Lifeboats and Lifera�s on Cruise Ships
The difference between Lifeboats and Lifera�s on Cruise Ships
Weekly inspection
The following tests and inspections shall be carried out weekly and a report of the inspection shall be entered in the log book :
4 .The general emergency alarm system shall be tested.
Fire Detectors and Alarms :
Fire Main Piping and Valves
21. Working in machinery spaces 21.1. General provisions 21.1.1. All opera�ons in machinery spaces should be performed by a competent person under the supervision of a responsible officer or senior ra�ng. 21.1.2. The regula�ons of the competent authority on the guarding of every dangerous part of a vessel's machinery should apply (see also Chapter 13).
21.1.3. Reference should be made to Chapter 5 concerning protec�ve equipment. Par�cular a�en�on should be paid to protec�ng seafarers from the effects of noise.2Spaces in which hearing protec�on needs to be worn should be indicated by warning signs.
21.1.4. No work other than rou�ne du�es should be undertaken except on the orders of a responsible engineering officer. Maintenance work should be carried out in compliance with manufacturer's instruc�on manuals. When necessary, specific work should be carried out within the "permit-to-work" system (see Chapter 4). 21.1.5. Moving parts of machinery should be provided with permanent guards or other safety devices such as railings or fencing. 21.1.6. If the use of any piece of machinery or equipment is considered to be temporarily unsafe, it should be immobilized or put in a safe place or condi�on immediately and, if necessary, a warning no�ce should be posted adjacent to or at the control posi�on. 21.1.7. No guard, fencing or shielding should be removed for repair or maintenance except when the machinery to which it relates has been stopped. The machinery should not be restarted un�l the fencing or shielding has been replaced and secured. 21.1.8. All valves, pipes and fi�ngs should be adequately supported and fixed or clamped to avoid vibra�on and possible fracture. All such fixtures and supports should be properly maintained and replaced a�er maintenance. 21.1.9. All items such as steam pipes, exhaust pipes and fi�ngs which, because of their loca�on and opera�ng temperature present a hazard, should be adequately lagged or shielded. 1 At a minimum, in accordance with the STCW Regula�ons, Chapter III or any subsequent revision. Reference should be made to sec�ons 20-25 of the IMO/ILO Document for Guidance. 2 See also the Guarding of Machinery Conven�on, 1963 (No. 119), and the Working Environment (Air Pollu�on, Noise and Vibra�on) Conven�on, 1977 (No. 148). Further guidance may be obtained from the ILO Code of Prac�ce on Protec�on of Workers against Noise and Vibra�on in the Working Environment (Geneva, 1984).
Accident preven�on on board ship 86 21.1.10. The source of any oil leak should be located as soon as possible and the leak stopped. 21.1.11. Waste oil should not be allowed to accumulate in the bilges or on tank tops. Any accumula�on should be removed as soon as possible in compliance with MARPOL.1 Tank top and bilge spaces should be washed down at regular intervals or as necessary for safety. 21.1.12. A procedure should be in place to ensure that, whenever a fuel oil tank is being filled, or the contents of one are being transferred to another, it does not overflow. Such a procedure may be in wri�ng and may include permanently displayed line diagrams and par�culars. Whenever fuel oil is being loaded or transferred, the opera�on should be supervised by a competent person. 21.1.13. Bilges and mud-boxes should be kept clear of rubbish and other substances so that the bilges can be easily pumped. 21.1.14. Special a�en�on should be given to preven�ng leakages into machinery spaces of exhaust gases from boilers, inert gas plants, uptakes, etc. 21.1.15. (1) All areas should be suitably illuminated. Areas under floor plates where oil pipes are located should be painted a light colour. (2) Any light that fails should be replaced as soon as possible. (3) Temporary or portable ligh�ng
threaded part fully screwed home and locked as appropriate before any li�ing effort is applied. (2) This is par�cularly important when li�ing heavy machinery parts, when care should be taken that carbon is removed from the threaded recess, if necessary by running down the appropriate tap before screwing home the bolt. (3) Hois�ng or lowering, whether by crane or by chain blocks, should be performed only a�er all persons involved have been informed of the intended ac�on. 21.1.26. Any fric�on fit, �ghtness or adhesion of the part of any load being li�ed should be broken by wedges or tapping, and not by increasing the load on the li�ing appliance. 21.1.27. Seafarers should always stand clear of any load being li�ed and should not walk close to or underneath any load being li�ed or while it is suspended.
Accident preven�on on board ship 88 21.1.28. (1) Any tools used at heights above pla�orm level should be kept in a suitable bag or box, or secured so as to prevent them from falling. (2) A�er any repair or maintenance work, all tools and any spares or replaced parts should be checked, accounted for and properly stowed away in a safe and secure place. 21.1.29. When working alone, a person should arrange to communicate at regular and frequent intervals with other persons in the machinery spaces or on the bridge. 21.2. Boilers, unfired pressure vessels and steam pipes 21.2.1. No person should perform any opera�on on a boiler, unfired pressure vessel or steam pipe that could result in the release of steam, air, or oil except: (a) under the supervision of an engineer officer; and (b) with the knowledge and approval of the chief engineer. 21.2.2. All boilers and unfired pressure vessels and steam piping should be inspected internally and externally at regular intervals by a competent person as required by the na�onal authority. 21.2.3. No boiler or unfired pressure vessel should be operated or kept at working pressure if unsafe for use or not provided with the properly maintained fi�ngs necessary for safe opera�on. 21.2.4. (1) Before any boiler or unfired pressure vessel is opened for inspec�on, any pressure therein should be released, the contents cooled down to atmospheric temperature and the system effec�vely drained off. (2) No boiler or unfired pressure vessel should be opened or entered for inspec�on un�l adequate arrangements have been made to prevent any backflow of steam or working fluid by blanking off, or locking shut, any lines or valves that might allow such backflow of steam, hot water or exhaust gases to enter the boilers, combus�on chamber or pressure vessel. (3) The top manhole door should be knocked in first with the dogs slacked back but not removed. (4) The manhole door should be held by a rope or other means when the dogs are removed. (5) When the top manhole has been removed, the bo�om manhole door may be knocked in. (6) At all �mes while a person is in the boiler, another person should be standing by at the manhole entrance and should communicate at frequent intervals with the person inside. 21.2.5. Spaces at the top and sides of boilers should not be used for storage. 21.2.6. Safety valves should be properly sealed and maintained in good opera�onal condi�on at all �mes.
Working in machinery spaces
21.2.7. Special care should be taken to maintain water gauges in proper order. They should be checked and blown through in a proper manner by a competent person at frequent intervals. Gauges should be replaced only by a competent person. 21.2.8. The water level should be checked at all �mes when fires are alight. Should the water level fall below the glass, the boiler should be immediately secured as required. 21.2.9. (1) Care should be taken to ensure that, when ligh�ng up, the combus�on chambers have been properly purged free of gas and that no loose oil has accumulated on the furnace floor. (2) Care should be taken to ascertain that all burners are clean and properly assembled. (3) Fuel oil should be recirculated un�l all parts of the system have reached a suitable temperature before admission to the furnace. (4) When ligh�ng up a boiler, seafarers should stand clear of any openings in order to avoid a possible blowback. 21.2.10. Should a furnace fail to light for any reason when the oil valve is opened: (a) the valve should be closed; (b) the combus�on chamber should be properly purged. 21.2.11. Opera�ng instruc�ons should be displayed at each boiler. 21.3. Propulsion machinery 21.3.1. The propulsion machinery should be provided and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the competent authority and good prac�ce. 21.3.2. Maintenance should be carried out by a competent person and a responsible officer should be informed immediately if any actual, or latent, fault or defect is observed, with remedial ac�on being taken as appropriate. 21.3.3. The machinery should be stopped before any work is done by seafarers on, or using, machinery items which would cons�tute a hazard: (a) thro�le or star�ng system should be closed; (b) turning gear or a suitable brake should be engaged; and (c) a warning no�ce should be posted. 21.4. Turbines 21.4.1. The governor, low lubrica�ng oil pressure alarm and shutdown devices, and other speed limi�ng devices should be made ready to operate should abnormal opera�ons occur. Accident preven�on on board ship 90 21.4.2. Steam joints, valve gland and gland sealing arrangements should be maintained in good order to avoid excessively high humidity in the surrounding area. 21.5. Internal combus�on engines 21.5.1. Internal combus�on machinery should be maintained in safe condi�on and be regularly inspected as required by the manufacturer. 21.5.2. Scavenge trunks should be kept clean and free from loose oil and turbo blowers should be kept free of accumula�ons of oil and dirt. 21.5.3. A source of igni�on, e.g. a portable electric light or naked flame, should not be brought near an open engine crank case un�l it has been cooled and well ven�lated and un�l all explosive gases have been expelled. 21.6. Air compressors and reservoirs 21.6.1. Air compressors should be properly maintained an inspected by a competent officer. 21.7. Refrigera�on systems 21.7.1. Adequate informa�on sta�ng the opera�ng and maintenance safeguards
control-rooms and una�ended machinery spaces should be clearly displayed at entrances. 21.11. Hydraulic systems 21.11.1. Hydraulic systems should be frequently inspected by a responsible officer, properly maintained and kept free of leaks. 21.11.2. Care should be taken to avoid skin penetra�on from high pressure fluid during inspec�ons and repair of hydraulic systems. 21.11.3. The system should be purged as necessary to avoid erra�c opera�ons which could be dangerous to seafarers.
Ques�ons