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CASIO. COMPUTER BRARY II6' GUIDELINES LAID DOWN BY FCC RULES FOR USE OF THE UNIT IN THE U.S.A. tnot applicable to other areas). NOTICE This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits tor a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmiul interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the foliowing measures: * Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. * Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. * Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. * Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. FCC WARNING Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. Proper connectors must be used for connection to host computer and/or peripherals in order to meet FCC emission limits. Connector FA-6 This unit to Personal computar . This unit to Data recorder This unit to Graphic printer This unit to CASIO FX-850P/FX-880P This unit to CASIO FP-100 This unit to CASIO FP-40 via SB-43 FOREWORD Thank you very much for purchasing the CASID Personal Computer. This manual introduces and explains the scientific calcutation function and BASIC programming language used with this computer. It is suggested that everyone from BASIC novices to veterans become familiar with the name and function of each part of the computer before attempting operation. Even when BASIC programming is not employed, a Formula Storage Function provides simplifigd formula caleuiations and ratio calculations, a built-iin Data Bank Function allows memo handling and searches. Besides this, this computer also features a Builtin Scientific Utility which provides a total Of 116 software utilities fór statistical, mathematical and scientific applications. PRECAUTIONS This computer is a product oi CASIO's high level of electronics engineering, testing, and quality control. The following points should be carefully noted to aliow this unit to provide the years of trouble free operation for which it is designed. + This unit is constructed of precision electronic components and shouid never be disas- sembled, dropped, or otherwise subjected to strong impact. Strong shocks can cause termination of program execution or alteration of the unit's memory. e Do not use or store this unit in areas subjected to high temperatures, humidity or dust. » Display response may bacome slow or fail completely at extremely low temperatures. Normal operation should resume after the unit reaches normal temperature. « The connectors of this unit are designed exclusively for connection of the specified FA-S expansion units only. * The display may become dim when the buzzer sounds, but this does not indicate malfunc- tion and is no cause for worry. » Batteries should be replaced as soon as possible after weakensd batteries are indicated by a dim display during normal operation. « Replace baiteries at least once every two years even ifthe unit is not used during this period. Dead batteries left in the unit may cause serious damage due to fluid lgakage and should be removed as soon as possible. « Keep the connector of the unit covered with the connector cap whenever the unit is not connected ta an expansion unit, and avoid touching the connector. + Strong static electrical charge may cause alteration of memory contents or key operation failure. !f this situation should occur, remove the batteries and load them again. * Always ensure thai the power supply of this unit is switched OFF before connecting peripheral devices. + Never use thinner, benzine, or other volatile agents for cleaning the exterior of the unit. Use a soft cloth dipped inta a mild solution of water and a neutral detergent, and wring the cloth out completely. «+ Do not switch the power of the unit OFF during program execution or during calculations. * When a malfunction occurs, contact the store where the computer was purchased or a nearby dealer. « Before seeking service, please read this manual again, check the power supply, check the program for logic errors, ete. Tt i ; í [PART 5 DATA BANK FUNCTION.............2000cisissserarica 37 51 DATA INPUT... 52 DATA DISPLAY 53 DATA EDITING.. 5-4 ADDING RECORDS .. 5-4-1. Data Append . 542 Data Insert............ “ 5-5 DATA DELETE AND ALL CLEAR ........ccscscc css c css 4 5-5-1 Data Delete 4 5-52 Dara All Clear 41 5-6 DATA SEARCH e. . 4 5-6-1 Conditional Search................ . ..42 5-7 USING DATA BANK DATA IN PROGRAMS . 42 5-8 DATA BANK FUNCTION APPLICATIONS ..........co cool issisetee so 44 | PART 6 BASIC PROGRAMMING..........lcsscscesceccrtrtaecoo 45 6.1 FEATURES OF BASIC.........icisic css cce isa eres cc creeremes 62 BASIC PROGRAM CONFIGURATION 6-21 BASIC Program Format.........icciicicssciscscne 6-3 BASIC PROGRAM INPUT ...... . 6-31 Preparation.......ccc cos 6-3-2 Program Input ......c.cccioooo 6-3-3 Program Editing...... 6-4 BASIC PROGRAM EXECUTION . 6-4.1 Program Execution.. 64.2 Errors......... 65 COMMANDS .. 66 OPERATORS 6-7 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES 67-1 Constants 6-7-2 Variables 6-7-3 Summary 6-B PROGRAM SAVE AND LOAD . 6-8-1 Program Save .......... 6-8-2 Program Verify 6-8-3 Program Load [PART 7 PERIPHERAL DEVICES TA CASSETTE INTERFACE UNIT FA-B......cccccisscc sc cscciectcareea ss 711 Features . . 74-2 Comections.......ccccccc css science nte cane ra asa so Y 7-1-3 Cassette Interface 71-4 RS-232C Interface 71-58 Centronics Interface (Printer Interfaco). . .t2 7-2 PLOTTER-PRINTER (FP-100).. 7-21 Specifications 7-2-2 Connections . 723 Data Printing .... 7-3 CHARACTER PRINTER (FP-40). 7-3-1 Specifications 7-32 Connection 74 RAM EXPANSION PACK (RP.8 (BKB)), (RP-33 (32KB)).......... 2 7-4-1 Expanded Memory Map......cccccccccctscssesessesccccccias 75 7-4-2 Handiing RAM Packs. .......c.lcsisssssssscentrncraancanas 76 PART 8 PR-100 SERIES COMPATIBILITY .........cceeee esse 7 8-1 PB-100 SERIES PROGRAM INPUTIEDITING ......cccccsicssss seres EMA 8-2 PB-100 SERIES PROGRAM EXECUTION. . B-21 DEFM Mode........llciiill cics sis n teen erreraia 8-2-2 Using DEFM Statement Arrays.......cicciccccsiicisesererios 8-3 DEFM Mode Displays 8-2-4 CLEAR Command, DIM Command, DEFM Command In DIM Mode and DEFM Mode 83 LOADING PB-100 SERIES PROGRAMS 8-4 READING PB-100 SERIES DATA.... . . . 8-5 COMMAND FORMAT..........ciisicisi css sic i star rare erra PART 9 FILE HANDLING FUNDAMENTALS .......... eee ereeeos 83 91 FILING DEVICES.........cils css isenta arena 92 FILE DESCRIPTORS . 92-1 Cassette Tapes... . . 9-2-2 Communications Circuit ......c.ccccl css sissceccrsierrresao 4 PART 1D COMMAND REFERENCE.........ceseesecesseserereeea 87 FORMAT ELEMENTS MANUAL COMMANDS... FUNDAMENTAL COMMANDS . NUMERIC FUNCTIONS.... CHARACTER FUNCTIONS . O COMMANDS........ . DATA BANK COMMANDS..........ccitccciisisiiisi iss ciserrrerennoa e. em em em em em em em em em em em en E O A vi 5635 5650 5655 5660 5665 5870 5675 5700 5705 5710 5715 5720 5725 5730 5795 5740 5745 5750 5760 5800 5810 5820 5830 5840 5900 seo 5920 5930 5932 5934 5936 5os8 5950 5960 5970 5980 6210 6220 6230 6240 6310 AREA OF A POLYGON.......c. css SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERE........cccscssersrseaaeccitariro SURFACE AREA OF A ZONE OF SPHERE.. SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERICAL SECTOR .........c.co co 239 SURFACE AREA OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER . .240 SURFACE AREA OF A CIRCULAR CONE............. 241 SURFACE AREA OF A FRUSTUM OF A CIRCULAR CONE......... 242 VOLUME OF A SPHERE ..........iccisi inicio co. 243 VOLUME OF THE ZONE OF A SPHERE .........cciscssisisseo 24 VOLUME OF A SPHERICAL SECTOR ...........cii inicio 245 VOLUME OF À CIRCULAR CYLINDER .......c.ll clico 246 VOLUME OF A CIRCULAR CONE .........c. cells 247 VOLUME OF A FRUSTUM OF A CIRCULAR CONE................. 248 VOLUME OF A WEDGE .......cliciiii iii nero VOLUME OF A PYRAMID.........c,o VOLUME OF A FRUSTUM OF PYRAMID . . VOLUME OF AN ELLIPSOID .....cccc iso s rs crearriresrertres INSCRIBED CIRCLE AND CIRCUMSCRIBED CIRCLES OF A POLYGON .....cc Ru . 253 REGULAR POLYHEDRON 254 FACTORIZATION.....ico iss 256 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ....iiiiiiiiiiii iii 257 DIFFERENTIALS .... ll cics ci sis iss 258 INTEGRATION. .cccco iss serrana 259 LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION .....iiiciic ice 260 PERIODIC TABLE... ii .282 SCIENTIFIC CONSTANTS .......ccsiiiii iii 267 ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS ......ccicccciiciio 269 MOTION AND ENERGY WAVE MOTION...... AC & DC CIRCUITS ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS... THERMODYNAMICS AND OTHERS ..... METRIC CONVERSIONS FOR LENGTH. METRIC CONVERSIONS FOR AREA.... METRIC CONVERSIONS FOR VOLUME METRIC CONVERSIONS FOR WEIGHT . UPPER PROBABILITY INTEGRALS (NORMAL DISTRIBUTIÓN) ......:. . UPPER PROBABILITY INTEGRALS (x? DISTRIBUTION) .............. UPPER PROBABILITY INTEGRALS (t DISTRIBUTION) . . UPPER PROBABILITY INTEGRALS (F DISTRIBUTION)......... UPPER CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION) 6320 6330 6410 6420 6430 6440 6450 6460 6500 6510 6520 6530 6540 6610 6620 630 6640 6650 6680 6670 6580 5710 8711 8712 6720 6721 6722 6730 6731 6732 8740 6741 6742 6750 6751 UPPER CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (POISSON DISTRIBUTION)....... 288 UPPER CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION) anne PERCENTAGE POINT (NORMAL DISTRIBUTION) PERCENTAGE POINT (x2 DISTRIBUTION)..... cce PERCENTAGE POINT (t DISTRIBUTION)........ PERCENTAGE POINT (F DISTRIBUTION) ...... eos NORMAL RANDOM NUMBERS ..... cics cce EXPONENTIAL RANDOM NUMBERS ......ccccer eco SINGLE VARIABLE STATISTICS LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS (y=a+by LOGARITHMIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS (y= EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS (y=ab OK)... 2... 305 POWER REGRESSION ANALYSIS (y=ax0D). cesso .. 308 MEAN INTERVAL ESTIMATION (FOR KNOWN VARIANCE).......... 312 MEAN INTERVAL ESTIMATION (FOR UNKNOWN VARIANCE) ........ 315 VARIANCE INTERVAL ESTIMATION ..... cce css teresa 318 STANDARD DEVIATION INTERVAL ESTIMATION. ... cce css s21 VARIANCE RATIO INTERVAL ESTIMATION .324 MEAN DIFFERENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATION RATIO INTERVAL ESTIMATION RATIO DIFFERENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATION ......... POPULATION MEAN TEST (TWO-SIDED): FOR KNOWN VARIANCE .....ccc css tests scenes rt rtar 335 POPULATION MEAN TEST (RIGHT SIDED): FOR KNOWN VARIANCE .....cccscte estes eee ... 338 POPULATION MEAN TEST (LEFT SIDED): FOR KNOWN VARIANCE .......... 341 POPULATION MEAN TEST (TWO-SIDED FOR UNKNOWN VARIANCE ....... .. POPULATION MEAN TEST (RIGHT SIDED): 344 FOR UNKNOWN VARIANCE.......c cc cser rsss ss eretas cost erro 347 POPULATION MEAN TEST (LEFT SIDED): FOR UNKNOWN VARIANCE .....ccecss cc cseetses tester -. 350 POPULATION VARIANCE TEST (TWO-SIDED) ...... derrama 353 POPULATION VARIANCE TEST (RIGHT SIDED)..... cce es eee 358 POPULATION VARIANCE TEST (LEFT SIDED). VARIANCE RATIO TEST (TWO-SIDED)...... VARIANCE RATIO TEST (RIGHT SIDED).. VARIANCE RATIO TEST (LEFT SIDED)... MEAN DIFFERENCE TEST (TWO-SIDED)... . MEAN DIFFERENCE TEST (RIGHT SIDED)......ccs cette serto 0 SR EA E Ta FEV GOO Ed) O) D) DO O O O) é» OD Power Switch (D Alphabet Keys 4) Memo Key O Shit Key q) Space Key é) Mode Key & Numeric Keys à) CAPS Key 6) Program Area Keys ( Decimal Key (3 Cursor Keys & Function Keys (B) Arithmetic Operator Keys () Insert/Delete Key & Formula Storage Key (B) Execute Key () Break Key € ALL RESET Button (D Parentheses Keys d) Backspace/Ctear Screen Key & P Button (B Answer Key () Menu Key 48) Screen ( Engineering Key LIB Key 1-2 OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS 1) Power Switch ( = CD- ) Slides to the right to switch power ON and to the left to switch power OFF. (B Shift Key ((E)) Used to enter BASIC commands and symbols noted in red on the key panel. Each press of this key causes the symbol “ (8) " to switch ON and OFF on the display. * Throughout this manual, this key is represented by Ea in order to distinguish it from the alphabetic (8) key. (& Numeric Keys ( — [9)) Enter the numeric values noted on each key. (8) Decimal Key ([+]) Enters a decimal point. (B) Arithmetic Operator Keys ((+), E), (8), Enter the arithmetic operators noted on the keys. : Addition E : Subtraction DE] : Multiplication : Division E Execute Key (Ex) Finalizes entry of a calculation and produces the result. The function of this key is equivalent toa “=” key on a standard calculator. This key is also used to enter lines of a program and for actual execution of programs. (7 Parentheses Keys ([() [5)) Enter parentheses in such parenthetical calculations as: 5 x (10 + 20). Answer Key ( (Eh) Recalls the result of the most recently performed manual or program calculation. Pressing this key during program execution causes the execution to be suspended until the [xs key is pressed (STOP displayed). (O) Engineering Key (E/S ) Converts a caleulation result to an exponential display. (9 Alphabet Keys Enter the alphabetic characters noted on each key. () Space Key (E3) Enters a space. (O CAPS Key (63) Switches the alphabet keys between upper case and lower case characters. The upper case mode is indicated by the “CAPS” symbol on the display. O Cursor Keys (3, E), [D,(B) Move the cursor on the screen. Each press moves the cursor in the direction noted on the keys pressed, while holding down the keys causes continuous, high speed movement. Each cursor key also takes on a different function when pressed in combination with the [a] key. KEY FUNCTION + ES] Cursor left Moves to beginning of logical line | Cursor right Moves to end of logical line [Ea] Cursor up Scrolls screen up without cursor movement B Cursor down Scrolls screen down without cursor movement Home (ES) Sea page 7 for details on physical lines and logical lines. €& P Button ( P ) (rear panel) Hardware reset button to halt misoperation caused by static electricity. Though execution is interrupted, memory contents are retained. The ALL RESET button should be used when the misoperation damages memory contents. Note that power switches OFF and then ON again when the P button is pressed. & Screen A 32-column x 2-line liquid crystal disptay upon which 5 x 7-dot characters appear. 1-3 SYMBOL DISPLAY The symbols noted on the display illustrated below appear to show the current status of a calculation. Memo data record number (MEMO mode) T =] CAPS 3 CAL BASIC DEGRAGRA mo sm TO HERE oem per tm sror CAPS : Upper case alphabetic characters (lower case when not displayed) 8 : Shift mode (commands/tunctions marked above keys can be-input) CAL |: CAL mode (basic arithmetic calculations or function calculations) BASIC : BASIC mode (BASIC program input, editing, execution) DEG : Angle unit = degrees RAD : Angie unit = radians : Angle unit = grads : DATA BANK data search, display, input, editing : DATA BANK data input, editing í : DATA BANK data editing, BASIC program editing (using EDIT command) í : DEFM mode (for execution of CASIO PB-100 series programs) i : Scientific library function mode í : Print mode (output of display contents to printer) TR : Trace mode (traces execution of BASIC programs) STOP : Dispiay suspended (by BASIC STOP command or PRINT statement) 1-4 KEYBOARD [ala à] E9 69 E (41ESC | SBC DD O e |[CXÉCCE) A look af the keyboard of the unit reveals characters and symbols located above the keys. These are accessed using the =] and Em keys. 1-4-1 Keytop Functions Normal Mode In this mode, each key inputs the characters, symbols, or commands noted on the keys them- seives. (This status is automatically set when power is switched ON and immediately foilow- ing the ALL RESET procedure.) i EXAMPLE: : Operation | Display : é > A É DD > E CE 0 (5 5 E E ; (5) (5) E3 E Ed E ; DO . GAjEI A abas (8 )e (es) pas | DRA DUMDOTE ENE EIA | peposnnanaã DEI] nom (0 XENEE) 1-5-1. Physical Lines and Logical Lines The maximum display capacity of one line is 32 columns, but internally the unit is capabla ot handling lines up to 255 characters iong. The display capacity line (32 characters) is referred to as the physical line, while the internal capacity line is called a logical line. A logical line is a continuous line of characters in which any column on the extreme right of the screen is not a null. One physical line 4-1 +2+34+4+5+6+7+8+9+1]0+] | +]2+13+14 One physical Ine—+15+18+17 - One iogical line, from the first character to tho last Pressing ES [E] moves the cursor to the beginning of the logical line, while moves the cursor to the end of the logical line. These operations are useful in determining the extent of logical lines. - 1-5-2 Virtual Screen The screen can display two lines at one time, and as the 3rd line is input, the first line scrolls off the top of the screen. Lines that scroll off of the screen can, however, be brought back into view using the cursor ((8)/ (D) ) keys, because the unit is able to store up to eight lines interna!ly. These eight lines make up the virtual screen, while the two lines actually displayed are called the actual screen. FIASAA i2BBBE “3CCcÊ Vi I rtual scraen (8 lines) SEEEEE (2 lines) iG PFFFF iTCGGGG : 8EHHHHH [a DDDDD | Actual screen 1-5-3 Screen Editor Any program lines or data included on the virtual screen can be edited. First the-portion of the program or data is brought onto the actual screen, and then the cursor is located at the position to be edited. 1-5-4 Display Contrast [a UM eo 1 o 1 ee A o o VS mem Ec TE —— The display may appear dark or dim depending upon the strength of the batteries ar the viewing angle. The contrast oí the display can be adjusted to the desired level by rotating the control dial. Rotating the diai down (arrow direction) darkens the display, while rotating it up lightens the display. A weak display when contrast is set to a high level indicates weakened baiteries, and batteries should be replaced as soon as possible (ses page 9). Lnb) 1-6 DISPLAY CHARACTERS The relationship between characters and character codes is ilustrated in the following table. Character Code Table High-order digit — O 48 3 48 64 80 5 192 128 144 160 176 192 208 204 240 & [eo [4 [2/s[4[s]s[7|e/ola[e[cjol=/r golo esopelpl |plAjo |esj-|9|=|=|x Zadar ce fij4jalolala alelzlelols|a 5 oleole ws |ul2|B|R,b|r|/je|C|rju|a/+|E + 8/8 slalo|slels al lol=[El1]R aja elalD|T|ja|tizl]a I|-|v|-|B s|5 slslElulelule|s | [alr[a/1]* 6|6 alelFlvijt|v|Elje |2/2|2]5]->|5 7/7 | sm "lolelwlalw/u [2 jo/xlz|2/=]8] 8|8| (ss eBlH|jx|n|alalo |1/2]R|U[4)2 s|9 [em a folijvlailylalo [o jalz| pj vjt 1/AL al:laulzislzlr|a|r/aja u|e|E 19/B| sem +lilklolKitlel-jajójejoléo 12|C| vas (5a |<|L ibitefa |elz|2/]2/D alo) cm | (8 |-|=[Mj [m/t [ulx ala/Aj>/o] | ulefeem | o | |>|Njajn olulalelá| |o ajrjteo | 6 |v|s]ol-|º [RA Rd id EM * Blank segments are not output. * Notations in parentheses are conirol codes and are not displayed. * Characters which cannot be displayed using keyboard input can be displayed using the CHR$ function. lo 
