DOE-HDBK-1013/1-92
JUNE 1992
DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Volume 1 of 2
U.S. Department of Energy FSC-6910
Washington, D.C. 20585
Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Prepare-se para as provas
Estude fácil! Tem muito documento disponível na Docsity
Ganhe pontos para baixar
Ganhe pontos ajudando outros esrudantes ou compre um plano Premium
Guias e Dicas
Prepare-se para as provas
Estude fácil! Tem muito documento disponível na Docsity
Encontrar documentos
Prepare-se para as provas com trabalhos de outros alunos como você, aqui na Docsity
Pesquisar documentos Store
Os melhores documentos à venda: Trabalhos de alunos formados
Videoaulas
Prepare-se com as videoaulas e exercícios resolvidos criados a partir da grade da sua Universidade
Quiz
Responda perguntas de provas passadas e avalie sua preparação.
Ganhe pontos para baixar
Ganhe pontos ajudando outros esrudantes ou compre um plano Premium
Comunidade
Pergunte à comunidade
Peça ajuda à comunidade e tire suas dúvidas relacionadas ao estudo
Ranking universidades
Descubra as melhores universidades em seu país de acordo com os usuários da Docsity
Guias grátis
Os eBooks que salvam estudantes!
Baixe gratuitamente nossos guias de estudo, métodos para diminuir a ansiedade, dicas de TCC preparadas pelos professores da Docsity
Handbook Instrumentation and Control vol 1, Manuais, Projetos, Pesquisas de Engenharia Elétrica
Livro completo sobre Instrumentação e controle
Tipologia: Manuais, Projetos, Pesquisas
2010
1 / 132
Esta página não é visível na pré-visualização
Não perca as partes importantes!
Documentos relacionados
Pré-visualização parcial do texto
Baixe Handbook Instrumentation and Control vol 1 e outras Manuais, Projetos, Pesquisas em PDF para Engenharia Elétrica, somente na Docsity!
DOE-HDBK-1013/1-
JUNE 1992
DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Volume 1 of 2
U.S. Department of Energy FSC-
Washington, D.C. 20585
Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information. P. O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; (615) 576-8401.
Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.
Order No. DE
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Rev. 0 IC
FOREWORD
The Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academic subjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science; Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. The handbooks are provided as an aid to DOE nuclear facility contractors.
These handbooks were first published as Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals in 1985 for use by DOE Category A reactors. The subject areas, subject matter content, and level of detail of the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals was determined from several sources. DOE Category A reactor training managers determined which materials should be included, and served as a primary reference in the initial development phase. Training guidelines from the commercial nuclear power industry, results of job and task analyses, and independent input from contractors and operations-oriented personnel were all considered and included to some degree in developing the text material and learning objectives.
The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks represent the needs of various DOE nuclear facilities' fundamentals training requirements. To increase their applicability to nonreactor nuclear facilities, the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manual learning objectives were distributed to the Nuclear Facility Training Coordination Program Steering Committee for review and comment. To update their reactor-specific content, DOE Category A reactor training managers also reviewed and commented on the content. On the basis of feedback from these sources, information that applied to two or more DOE nuclear facilities was considered generic and was included. The final draft of each of these handbooks was then reviewed by these two groups. This approach has resulted in revised modular handbooks that contain sufficient detail such that each facility may adjust the content to fit their specific needs.
Each handbook contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and text material, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individual DOE contractors to suit their specific training needs. Each subject area is supported by a separate examination bank with an answer key.
The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks have been prepared for the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, Office of Nuclear Safety Policy and Standards, by the DOE Training Coordination Program. This program is managed by EG&G Idaho, Inc.
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Rev. 0 IC
OVERVIEW
The Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Instrumentation and Control was prepared as an information resource for personnel who are responsible for the operation of the Department's nuclear facilities. A basic understanding of instrumentation and control is necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff to safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. The information in the handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineering concepts to the job. This knowledge will help personnel more fully understand the impact that their actions may have on the safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems.
The Instrumentation and Control handbook consists of seven modules that are contained in two volumes. The following is a brief description of the information presented in each module of the handbook.
Volume 1 of 2
Module 1 - Temperature Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various types of temperature detectors and indication circuits.
Module 2 - Pressure Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various types of pressure detectors and indication circuits.
Module 3 - Level Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various types of level detectors and indication circuits.
Module 4 - Flow Detectors
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various types of flow detectors and indication circuits.
Module 5 - Position Indicators
This module describes the construction, operation, and failure modes for various types of position indicators and control circuits.
Department of Energy
Fundamentals Handbook
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Module 1
Temperature Detectors
Temperature Detectors TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES................................................... iii REFERENCES..................................................... iv
- RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (RTDs) OBJECTIVES v
- Temperature
- RTD Construction
- Summary
- THERMOCOUPLES
- Thermocouple Construction
- Thermocouple Operation
- Summary
- FUNCTIONAL USES OF TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
- Functions of Temperature Detectors
- Detector Problems
- Environmental Concerns
- Summary
- TEMPERATURE DETECTION CIRCUITRY
- Bridge Circuit Construction
- Bridge Circuit Operation
- Temperature Detection Circuit
- Temperature Compensation
- Summary
- Rev. 0 Page i IC-
LIST OF FIGURES Temperature Detectors
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Electrical Resistance-Temperature Curves......................... 2
Figure 2 Internal Construction of a Typical RTD.......................... 3
Figure 3 RTD Protective Well and Terminal Head......................... 4
Figure 4 Thermocouple Material Characteristics When Used with Platinum................................... 5
Figure 5 Internal Construction of a Typical Thermocouple................... 6
Figure 6 Simple Thermocouple Circuit................................. 6
Figure 7 Temperature-vs-Voltage Reference Table......................... 7
Figure 8 Bridge Circuit........................................... 11
Figure 9 Unbalanced Bridge Circuit.................................. 12
Figure 10 Balanced Bridge Circuit.................................... 13
Figure 11 Block Diagram of a Typical Temperature Detection Circuit......................................... 14
Figure 12 Resistance Thermometer Circuit with Precision Resistor in Place of Resistance Bulb........................... 15
IC-01 Page ii Rev. 0
REFERENCES Temperature Detectors
REFERENCES
Kirk, Franklin W. and Rimboi, Nicholas R., Instrumentation, Third Edition, American Technical Publishers, ISBN 0-8269-3422-6.
Academic Program for Nuclear Power Plant Personnel, Volume IV, General Physics Corporation, Library of Congress Card #A 397747, April 1982.
Fozard, B., Instrumentation and Control of Nuclear Reactors, ILIFFE Books Ltd., London.
Wightman, E.J., Instrumentation in Process Control, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Rhodes, T.J. and Carroll, G.C., Industrial Instruments for Measurement and Control, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Process Measurement Fundamentals, Volume I, General Physics Corporation, ISBN 0- 87683-001-7, 1981.
IC-01 Page iv Rev. 0
Temperature Detectors OBJECTIVES
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
1.0 Given a temperature instrument, RELATE the associated fundamental principles, including possible failure modes, to that instrument.
ENABLING OBJECTIVES
1.1 DESCRIBE the construction of a basic RTD including: a. Major component arrangement b. Materials used
1.2 EXPLAIN how RTD resistance varies for the following: a. An increase in temperature b. A decrease in temperature
1.3 EXPLAIN how an RTD provides an output representative of the measured temperature.
1.4 DESCRIBE the basic construction of a thermocouple including: a. Major component arrangement b. Materials used
1.5 EXPLAIN how a thermocouple provides an output representative of the measured temperature.
1.6 STATE the three basic functions of temperature detectors.
1.7 DESCRIBE the two alternate methods of determining temperature when the normal temperature sensing devices are inoperable.
1.8 STATE the two environmental concerns which can affect the accuracy and reliability of temperature detection instrumentation.
1.9 Given a simplified schematic diagram of a basic bridge circuit, STATE the purpose of the following components: a. R 1 and R (^2) b. Rx c. Adjustable resistor d. Sensitive ammeter
Rev. 0 Page v IC-
Temperature Detectors RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (RTDs)
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (RTDs)
The resistance of certain metals will change as temperature changes. This characteristic is the basis for the operation of an RTD.
EO 1.1 DESCRIBE the construction of a basic RTD including: a. Major component arrangement b. Materials used
EO 1.2 EXPLAIN how RTD resistance varies for the following: a. An increase in temperature b. A decrease in temperature
EO 1.3 EXPLAIN how an RTD provides an output representative of the measured temperature.
Temperature
The hotness or coldness of a piece of plastic, wood, metal, or other material depends upon the molecular activity of the material. Kinetic energy is a measure of the activity of the atoms which make up the molecules of any material. Therefore, temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the material in question.
Whether you want to know the temperature of the surrounding air, the water cooling a car’s engine, or the components of a nuclear facility, you must have some means to measure the kinetic energy of the material. Most temperature measuring devices use the energy of the material or system they are monitoring to raise (or lower) the kinetic energy of the device. A normal household thermometer is one example. The mercury, or other liquid, in the bulb of the thermometer expands as its kinetic energy is raised. By observing how far the liquid rises in the tube, you can tell the temperature of the measured object.
Because temperature is one of the most important parameters of a material, many instruments have been developed to measure it. One type of detector used is the resistance temperature detector (RTD). The RTD is used at many DOE nuclear facilities to measure temperatures of the process or materials being monitored.
Rev. 0 Page 1 IC-
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (RTDs) Temperature Detectors
RTD Construction
The RTD incorporates pure metals
Figure 1 Electrical Resistance-Temperature Curves
or certain alloys that increase in resistance as temperature increases and, conversely, decrease in resistance as temperature decreases. RTDs act somewhat like an electrical transducer, converting changes in temperature to voltage signals by the measurement of resistance. The metals that are best suited for use as RTD sensors are pure, of uniform quality, stable within a given range of temperature, and able to give reproducible resistance-temperature readings. Only a few metals have the properties necessary for use in RTD elements.
RTD elements are normally constructed of platinum, copper, or nickel. These metals are best suited for RTD applications because of their linear resistance-temperature characteristics (as shown in Figure 1), their high coefficient of resistance, and their ability to withstand repeated temperature cycles.
The coefficient of resistance is the change in resistance per degree change in temperature, usually expressed as a percentage per degree of temperature. The material used must be capable of being drawn into fine wire so that the element can be easily constructed.
IC-01 Page 2 Rev. 0